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• W2936698439 abstract "Since animal welfare is a growing subject of concern, recently members of the EuropeanCollege of Veterinary Anaesthesiology demanded generally in order to avoid or at least to alleviate stress the pre-emptive use of sedatives before fixation of dairy cows in lateral recumbency (LR) for orthopaedic surgery. Thus, we performed two studies, an experimental study aimed to investigate the effects of pre-emptive xylazine treatment and LR in combination on cardio-respiratory, endocrine-metabolic and behavioural stress responses in healthy dairy cows undergoing pain-less claw trimming on surgical tipping tables. A clinical study was performed in which we hypothesized that the sedative, analgesic and myo-relaxant effects of xylazine in a pre-emptive treatment would improve the analgesic protocol for claw treatment in LR on a surgical tipping table in lame dairy cows. Study 1 The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of lateral recumbency (LR) and xylazine treatment in combination on stress response and cardio-respiratory depression in cows undergoing pain-less claw trimming. In a blinded experimental study, six healthy, non-pregnant, non-lactating, German Holstein Frisian cows weighing 610±87.9 kg (mean± SD) and aged 4.3±3.3 years old were used in a cross over design with two weeks intervals between treatments. The treatments were Xyl-LR: xylazine (Rompun®, 0.05 mg kg-1 BW, IM) or Plac-LR: an equal volume of placebo 15 minutes before LR (30 minutes) for claw trimming or Xyl-St: xylazine in the same dose and route of administration without further manipulation (cows remained standing). In short term intervals (30 minutes before until 2 hours after drug application) heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), venous and arterial blood gases and venous plasma levels of cortisol, insulin, glucose, lactate and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were measured and clinical signs of sedation and free gas bloat recorded. In placebo treated cows (Plac-LR) LR induced on average a significant (P < 0.05) increase in MAP, RR, pulmonary shunt volume, plasma levels of cortisol, lactate and NEFA, a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in mean arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) and carbon dioxide (PaCO2) and arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2). Xylazine induced in average (Xyl-St) a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in HR, RR, MAP, plasma insulin, and NEFA, PaO2, SaO2, and a significant increase in plasma glucose and PaCO2. After pre-emptive sedation with xylazine (Xyl-LR) during LR HR, RR, MAP, PaO2, SaO2 and plasma levels of cortisol, lactate and NEFA, were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced whereas PaCO2 was increased compared to Plac-LR. Lowest SaO2 found during LR after xylazine treatment were about 90%. All xylazine treated cows showed mild to moderate signs of sedation, mild and clinically irrelevant free gas bloat and were able to stand and walk before and after restraining in LR. We concluded that, xylazine administered in a low dose in adult cows preceding LR and claws trimming on a surgical tipping table can reduce hormonal and metabolic stress responses but has some additional effect on respiratory depression of LR. When xylazine is applied before cows are turned into LR the desired effects of sedation and analgesia need to be balanced against the adverse effect of cardio-respiratory depression of xylazine. Higher doses of xylazine than the used 0.05 mg kg-1 BW may induce clinically relevant cardio-respiratory depression during LR in cows. Study 2 The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of pre-emptive xylazine treatment in the analgesic protocol for claw treatment in lateral recumbency (LR) in lame cows on the stress and pain response. In a prospective, blinded, placebo-controlled clinical case study, 24 lame, German Holstein Frisian cows (not more than four month pregnant), weighing 531±85.5 kg and aged 4.4 ±1.5 (mean ± SD) years old were used. Cows were randomly allocated into two groups of 12 cows each and either treated with Xylazine (Rompun®; 0.05 mg kg-1 BW, IM) or an equal volume of sterile saline (controls) 15 minutes before LR for claw treatment. After initial claw examination in each cow a retrograde intravenous local anaesthesia (LA) with 20 ml of 2% procaine was performed. At regular preset time intervals over an observation period of 6 hours (30 min before drug application to 6 hours post-operative) heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), plasma levels of cortisol, glucose, lactate and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were determined and signs of behaviour monitored (via video recording and pedometer). All cows treated with xylazine showed mild signs of sedation for about one to two hours, and were able to walk and to stand at all times. In the evaluation of behavioural signs xylazine demonstrated significantly additional analgesic effects to LA by reduced pain response on the insertion of the needle for LA, reduced ear flicking during claw treatment, reduced lameness score and longer standing periods in the first hour after claw treatment and improved appetite after claw treatment in LR. No significant (P < 0.05) difference was found for rumen motility in both groups. In both groups rumen motility ceased during the surgical intervention in LR. Mean HR and RR as well as plasma levels of lactate and NEFA were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced after xylazine treatment compared to baseline and controls. Mean plasma level of cortisol was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in xylazine treated cows after being turned into LR but raised to levels in controls during the surgical treatment. In conclusion, according to the signs of behaviour monitoring, plasma cortisol, NEFA and lactate, the use of low dose xylazine in the analgesic protocol for treatment of lame cows in LR on a surgical tipping table can alleviate stress and has additional analgesic effects to LA. Due to cardio-respiratory depression by xylazine we discourage to use higher doses of xylazine in cows receiving claw treatment in lateral recumbency. From the results of both studies it was conclude that low dose xylazine treatment in healthy or clinically lame dairy cows preceding LR for painless claws trimming or surgical treatment of the claw disorders on a surgical tipping table can reduce behavioural, hormonal, and metabolic stress response. Xylazine provides additional analgesic effects to local anaesthesia in lame cows undergoing surgical claw treatment. Although xylazine pre-treatment will aggravate slightly cardio-respiratory depression of LR xylazine appears to be a suitable sedative and analgesic in combination with LA in dairy cows turned into LR for orthopaedic treatment. However, since cows used to close human contact and handling tolerate the fixation in LR on surgical tipping tables well without sedation the desired effects of sedation and analgesia need to be balanced against the cardio-respiratory depression of xylazine." @default.
• W2936698439 created "2019-04-25" @default.
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• W2936698439 date "2010-01-01" @default.
• W2936698439 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W2936698439 title "The use of the alpha2-agonist xylazine (Rompun®) in a multimodal analgesic protocol for orthopaedic intervention in lateral recumbency on a surgical tipping table in dairy cows" @default.
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