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• W29380071 abstract "Spottedngum (Corymbia maculata) forest, once widely distributed along coastal regionsnof eastern Australia, has been extensively degraded through urbanisation, infrastructurendevelopment, agriculture and mining. Little is known about the biology andnestablishment ecology of this forest community and thus the most appropriate strategiesnfor optimising the re-establishment of this vegetation on highly disturbed land. Thenpresent study aimed to address this knowledge gap through a comprehensiveninvestigation into the re-establishment of spotted gum forest on coal mined land inneastern Australia. The focus was on the initial phase of vegetation establishment and theneffect of manipulating seed sources, substrate type and mulching regime on spotted gumnforest re-establishment. The two seed sources assessed were the forest topsoil seed banknand a broadcast seed mix, the two substrates types were coal mine spoil and forestntopsoil managed in various ways, and the two mulch types assessed were wood chipnmulch and logs 1-2 m in length.nnnnnn The study comprised a series of glasshouse and laboratory trials that characterised thenseed sources and how they were affected by various management practices. Two fieldntrials assessed the effect of manipulating substrate type, seed source and mulch onnseedling emergence, survival, tree growth and plant community dynamics in the firstntwo years of vegetation establishment. Substrate chemistry, water relations, surfacencrusting and temperature, plus tree foliar nutrient concentrations and water stress werenmonitored in the field, and substrate erodibility was assessed in the laboratory. This wasnto provide a greater understanding of how substrate type and mulch affected forest reestablishmentnon coal mined land.nnnnnnnn The study found that the seed bank in the surface 7.5 cm of spotted gum forest topsoilnwas a valuable seed source and provided seeds of 81% of the native species present innthe spotted gum forest flora, particularly the ground cover and understorey species.nWhen this topsoil was respread over rehabilitation areas, up to 24% of the nativenperennial seeds in the soil seed bank successfully germinated and established. Correctnhandling of forest topsoil, which includes autumn stripping to a maximum depth of 10ncm, and direct respreading over rehabilitation areas at a thickness of 5 cm, maximisesnnative seedling recruitment from the soil seed bank. The results support the conceptsnthat: 1) stripping topsoil in the season following seed set maximises the native seednload; 2) increased depth of topsoil stripping dilutes the soil seed bank; 3) increasednthickness of respread topsoil reduces the success of seedling recruitment firom thentopsoil seed bank due to excessive seed burial; and 4) storage of topsoil provides annopportunity for weed invasion that in turn increases the weed seed load in the soil. Thenbeneficial role of smoke in breaking the dormancy of seeds in the topsoil seed bank wasnalso demonstrated.nnnnnnn Seeds of tree and shrub species were scarce in the soil seed bank thus broadcasting thenseeds of these species over rehabilitation areas was a necessary tool for re-establishingnforest upper canopy and mid-stratum species. Boiling the seeds of hard-seeded speciesnand smoke treating native grass seeds prior to sowing were also useful techniques fornbreaking seed dormancy and maximising seed germinability of these broadcast seeds.nnnnnn Substrate type had a major effect on the establishment and growth of vegetation onnrehabilitation areas. On areas where forest topsoil had been respread over spoil, thenvegetation that established from broadcast seeds was at least double that on bare spoilnareas. This was the result of greater seedling emergence and survival on topsoil relative spoil. The heights and stem diameters of numerous tree species were also at leastn50%) greater on respread forest topsoil than on bare spoil areas. Doubling the thicknessnof respread topsoil from 5 cm to 10 cm, or stockpiling topsoil for up to 24 months hadnneither a positive nor a negative effect on the soils role as a substrate.nnnnnnnnn Mulch, when applied as a thin layer of wood chips, markedly increased the density andnspecies richness of vegetation that established, particularly on rehabilitation areas wherenforest topsoil had been respread. More than three-times the number of seedlings ofnbroadcast-seeded species emerged on chip-mulched relative to non-mulched areas andntheir survival was enhanced. However, the random placement of individual 1-2 mnlength logs on rehabilitation areas had no effect on vegetation establishment.nnnnnnnn These different responses were due to seedling emergence, survival and growth beingnparticularly sensitive to environmental conditions experienced in the field. Substratenchemistry significantly affected seedling emergence, survival and growth. Substratenerodibility affected emergence, and water availability affected seedling survival. Forestntopsoil provided a fine-grained seedbed that enabled good soil/seed contact fornimbibition, had very low sodicity, a weak surface crust, provided little resistance tonseedling emergence and root penetration, and had a neutral pH and moderate fertilitynthat generally met the nutritional requirements of the plant species of the forest. Thesenconditions contributed to the greater seedling emergence, survival and tree growth andnthus vegetation establishment on topsoil rehabilitation areas. In contrast, spoil had anlower fertility, coarse texture and thus poor water availability, and a hard surface crustndue to high sodicity, all factors that no doubt contributed to the poorer establishmentnand growth of vegetation on spoil. Wood chip mulch also ameliorated environmentalnextremes. Chip mulch increased moisture availability by aiding water infiltration andnretention in the substrate profile, improved substrate fertility and reduced erosion, thusnenhancing vegetation emergence and survival on rehabilitation areas. However, theneffect of both substrate and chip mulch did vary in response to the amount of rainfallnthat occurred in the first six months of rehabilitation.nnnnnnnnn Depending on the combination of seed source and substrate used in rehabilitation, onenof four community types developed. Increased management intervention during initialnrehabilitation resulted in a greater similarity between the rehabilitated community andnthe target spotted gum forest. When rehabilitation involved only the recontouring ofnspoil, the plant community that had established after 24 months (sparse sub-shrub, herbnand grass vegetation) was most dissimilar to the target forest in terms of its structure,nspecies richness and diversity, as only 3% of native perennial forest species had re-established.nWhen forest topsoil was respread over spoil, broadcast seeds were sownnand wood chip mulch was applied, the plant community (treed and dense shrub, herbnand grass vegetation) was most similar to the target forest, and almost half (39-45%) ofnthe native perennial forest species had successfully re-established within the first 24nmonths. Plant communities intermediate between these two established when forestntopsoil was respread over spoil but no broadcast seeds were sown, and when broadcastnseeds were sown directly onto spoil substrate. These results indicate that with thenappropriate management, a plant community of similar floristic and structural diversitynto the target spotted gum forest can be re-established on coal mined land, at least in thenshort term. The broader implications of these findings for the establishment of eucalyptnforest on disturbed land in south-eastern Australia are discussed.n" @default.
• W29380071 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W29380071 creator A5005398908 @default.
• W29380071 date "2002-01-01" @default.
• W29380071 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W29380071 title "Spotted gum forest re-establishment on coal mined land : influence of seed sources, substrate and mulch" @default.
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