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• W2944574920 abstract "The properties of our world are determined by the values of the fundamental physical constants, which enter in different physical laws. These include, for example, the fine-structure constant, Planck's constant, the speed of light, and the elementary charge. Despite the fact that the fundamental constants are cornerstones of modern physics, their nature is mysterious and the constants themselves are in the focus of many intense discussions. Even the definition of what to consider as a fundamental constant is still debatable. Following Steven Weinberg, one usually considers fundamental constants as those which cannot be calculated in terms of other constants “… not just because the calculation is too complicated (as for the viscosity of water) but because we do not know of anything more fundamental”.1 However, this definition relies on development of our present theory. This leads, in turn, to the question of how many constants are really fundamental and needed to describe Nature. That is, the further development of modern approaches, such as string theory, might reduce the number of fundamental constants. On the other hand, a number of unresolved problems of modern physics, such as the origins of matter–antimatter asymmetry and CP-violation and the composition of dark matter can demand the introduction of additional fundamental constants. Yet another important question is whether the fundamental constants change over time and space.3, 4 Such a variation would mean that the laws of physics are different for different parts of the universe or times of its evolution. A number of cosmological theories as well as theories aimed at unifying gravity with the three other fundamental forces predict that at least some of the fundamental constants can change in an expanding universe. The detection of such changes would give important information on the structure and history of the universe. The available experimental data are however inconclusive and further experimental studies are highly demanded. During the last years, for example, a series of high-precision atomic clock experiments have been performed and put new constraints on the possible time variation of the fine structure constant and the proton–electron mass ratio. Fundamental constants have become of paramount importance for metrology. It was Max Planck who suggested in 1900 to use constants of Nature, the speed of light in vacuum c, the Boltzmann constant k, the gravitational constant G and a constant h in his equations, which later was called Planck's constant, in order to define units of mass, length, time and temperature. These units, called “natural units” will “necessarily retain their validity for all times and civilizations, even extraterrestrial and nonhuman” as he himself expressed it.2 This idea was realized in 2018 when the General Conference on Weights and Measures, CGPM, of the Metre Convention with about one hundred member and associated states decided to establish the international system of units, the SI, by fixing the numerical values of seven “defining constants”.3 More than 97 % of the world's economic power, essentially all global trade and international quality infrastructure will then be based on fundamental constants such that it is crucial to know, if, and by how much, these constants could vary. The basic aspects of the physics of fundamental constants as well as their impact for the metrology and the revised SI were in the focus of the 670th WE-Heraeus seminar. This meeting took place from May 13th to 18th 2018 in Bad Honnef and attracted 67 participants from ten countries. World-leading experts from metrology and fundamental physics, two different communities with different goals and cultures, have joined the seminar. The invited talks, poster sessions and many informal discussions during the seminar have provided an excellent opportunity for representatives of both communities to better understand each other and to engage in a productive dialogue. Many of the ideas and results, discussed and even born during the seminar, are reported in this Special Issue. In particular, the present issue includes invited reviews by world-leading experts who consider the use of fundamental constants for the definition and realization of the base units of the new SI: Kelvin,4 Mole,5 Kilogram,6 Meter,7 Second,8 Ampere,9 and Candela.10 High-precision experiments aiming for the determination of the fundamental constants are also in the focus of this Special Issue; see, for example, ref. [11] Moreover, new developments of theories beyond the Standard Model are discussed from the viewpoint of (possible) variation of the constants.12, 13 Klaus Blaum received his PhD in 2000 at the University of Mainz. After a four-years stay at CERN, he moved back to Mainz to lead a Helmholtz-Young-Investigator Group. In 2007, he became director at the Max-Planck-Institute for Nuclear Physics in Heidelberg, heading the Division on “Experiments with Stored and Cooled Ions”. He is member of the Physics Faculty of the University of Heidelberg. Klaus Blaum has received numerous awards, among them the Helmholtz-Prize, the Flerov-Medal and the Gothenburg Lise Meitner Award. Dmitry Budker received his PhD in 1993 from the University of California, Berkeley. After a two-year postdoctoral appointment at Berkeley, he joined the Berkeley Physics Department as a faculty member, where he is currently Professor of Graduate School. Since 2014, he has been the Matter-Antimatter Section Leader at the Helmholtz Institute and a Professor at the Johannes Guttenberg University in Mainz. He is a Fellow of the American Physical Society and a former chair of its Group on Precision Measurement and Fundamental Constants. Andrey Surzhykov received his PhD from the University of Kassel, Germany in 2003. After postdoctoral research at the Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics in Heidelberg, he joined in 2008 the University of Heidelberg as the Helmholtz Young Investigators Group Leader. In 2013 he moved, as a senior scientist, to the Helmholtz Institute Jena. Thereafter, in spring 2016 he became a professor of theoretical physics at Braunschweig University of Technology and the head of the institute “Fundamental Physics for Metrology” established at the German National Metrology Institute, PTB. Joachim Ullrich studied geophysics and physics at Frankfurt University. He was director at the Max-Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics in Heidelberg. Since 2012, he has been the president of the German National Metrology Institute, PTB. In 2012, he became a member of the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) of the Meter Convention and was elected vice president of the CIPM in 2015. Since then, he has been the president of the Consultative Committee for the International Units (CCU)." @default.
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• W2944574920 title "The Revised SI: Fundamental Constants, Basic Physics and Units" @default.
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