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- W2945641679 abstract "Abstract The psychiatric risk-associated transcription factor 4 (TCF4) is linked to schizophrenia. Rare TCF4 coding variants are found in individuals with Pitt-Hopkins syndrome—an intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder. TCF4 contains a C-terminal basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) DNA binding domain which recognizes the enhancer-box (E-box) element 5′-CANNTG-3′ (where N = any nucleotide). A subset of the TCF4-occupancy sites have the expanded consensus binding specificity 5′-C(A/G)-CANNTG-3′, with an added outer Cp(A/G) dinucleotide; for example in the promoter for CNIH3, a gene involved in opioid dependence. In mammalian genomes, particularly brain, the CpG and CpA dinucleotides can be methylated at the 5-position of cytosine (5mC), and then may undergo successive oxidations to the 5-hydroxymethyl (5hmC), 5-formyl (5fC), and 5-carboxyl (5caC) forms. We find that, in the context of 5′-0CG-1CA-2CG-3TG-3′(where the numbers indicate successive dinucleotides), modification of the central E-box 2CG has very little effect on TCF4 binding, E-box 1CA modification has a negative influence on binding, while modification of the flanking 0CG, particularly carboxylation, has a strong positive impact on TCF4 binding to DNA. Crystallization of TCF4 in complex with unmodified or 5caC-modified oligonucleotides revealed that the basic region of bHLH domain adopts multiple conformations, including an extended loop going through the DNA minor groove, or the N-terminal portion of a long helix binding in the DNA major groove. The different protein conformations enable arginine 576 (R576) to interact, respectively, with a thymine in the minor groove, a phosphate group of DNA backbone, or 5caC in the major groove. The Pitt-Hopkins syndrome mutations affect five arginine residues in the basic region, two of them (R569 and R576) involved in 5caC recognition. Our analyses indicate, and suggest a structural basis for, the preferential recognition of 5caC by a transcription factor centrally important in brain development." @default.
- W2945641679 created "2019-05-29" @default.
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- W2945641679 date "2019-05-13" @default.
- W2945641679 modified "2023-10-16" @default.
- W2945641679 title "Structural basis for preferential binding of human TCF4 to DNA containing 5-carboxylcytosine" @default.
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- W2945641679 doi "https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkz381" @default.
- W2945641679 hasPubMedCentralId "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6895265" @default.
- W2945641679 hasPubMedId "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31081034" @default.
- W2945641679 hasPublicationYear "2019" @default.
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