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- W2946155886 abstract "Most species in all ecosystems are rare in some form. Rare species are often assumed to contribute little to ecosystem functioning and services, but evidence has accumulated that rare species can substantially contribute to some ecosystem services in a variety of ways. Rare species can have direct and indirect contributions to ecosystem services through species interactions. Research on functional trait uniqueness could provide new insights into the role of rare species in ecosystem services, yet explicit tests of connections between functional traits and measurable contributions to ecosystem processes and services are still needed. The knowledge of when and to what extent rare species can affect ecosystem services is important for identifying situations in which multiple conservation objectives (protecting biodiversity and providing other ecosystem services) are more or less aligned. Conservation aims to preserve species and ecosystem services. If rare species contribute little to ecosystem services, yet are those most in need of preservation, tradeoffs may exist for these contrasting objectives. However, little attention has focused on identifying how, when, and where rare species contribute to ecosystem services and at what scales. Here, we review distinct ways that ecosystem services can positively depend on the presence, abundance, disproportionate contribution or, counterintuitively, the scarcity of rare species. By contrast, ecosystem services are less likely to depend on rare species that do not have a unique role in any service or become abundant enough to contribute substantially. We propose a research agenda to identify when rare species may contribute significantly to services. Conservation aims to preserve species and ecosystem services. If rare species contribute little to ecosystem services, yet are those most in need of preservation, tradeoffs may exist for these contrasting objectives. However, little attention has focused on identifying how, when, and where rare species contribute to ecosystem services and at what scales. Here, we review distinct ways that ecosystem services can positively depend on the presence, abundance, disproportionate contribution or, counterintuitively, the scarcity of rare species. By contrast, ecosystem services are less likely to depend on rare species that do not have a unique role in any service or become abundant enough to contribute substantially. We propose a research agenda to identify when rare species may contribute significantly to services. benefits that people receive from interactions with nature that are non-material (e.g., sense of place or inspiration). species with high relative abundance or biomass. stressors, threats, or variables that impact ecosystems, species, and their services. Examples include human impacts (e.g., harvesting or land-use change), management interventions (e.g., invasive species eradication), and aspects of global environmental change (e.g., climate change or nitrogen fertilization). how people benefit from, use, or value services. contributions of nature to humans and their well-being, which are provided by the populations of species as well as by ecosystem functions and processes. the density of one species benefits another species by mediating abiotic or biotic conditions. species with unique characteristics or dissimilar functional traits, compared with the other species and their trait combinations in the local or regional species pool. Functionally unique species are often rare and referred to as ecological outliers. a rare species with a disproportionately large impact on the structure and functioning of an ecological community, through influential species interactions (e.g., rare predators). a type of good, service, or product for which demand increases disproportionately as income increases when people become wealthier (in contrast with a normal good). They are typically associated with social status. the added value from having an additional unit of something; here, it refers to the gains in ecosystem service value or benefits from an additional individual of a rare or abundant species. the hypothesis that dominant species and their traits contribute most to ecosystem processes because species affect productivity and total biomass accumulation in proportion to their relative abundance. populations of two species benefit each other (e.g., plant–pollinator relationships). material goods and products that benefit people, such as fish, fiber, and timber, typically derived from population harvest, with market values. rarity can be defined in many ways; here, we define rarity as species with restricted geographic ranges or small population sizes (known as numerically rare). Therefore, rare species include threatened and endangered species but are not always threatened [100Gaston K.J. Rarity. Springer Science & Business Media, 1994Crossref Google Scholar]. However, rare species are more likely to be at risk, due to demographic stochasticity and other human impacts. We do not consider habitat specificity, another form of rarity, because it relates more to the vulnerability of a species to extinction than its potential contribution to a service. benefits to people resulting from ecosystem processes and multiple ecosystem functions, such as moderation of natural hazards, climate regulation, water quality, and crop pollination. the value derived from interacting with nature by ‘doing what is right’, based on fulfiling moral obligations to nonhumans. species that directly provide one or more ecosystem services (e.g., pollinators required for crop production, or fish that are harvested for food). the amount, typically in biophysical units, that can be used or appreciated by humans. changes in the identities of species in a community over time and space. species or their traits with a different influence on the ecosystem than other species present. nature provides multiple benefits to humans, who weight these benefits and how they impact their happiness and well-being differently, based on preferences, social norms, and ideals. Values can be described in economic and noneconomic terms." @default.
- W2946155886 created "2019-05-29" @default.
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- W2946155886 date "2019-08-01" @default.
- W2946155886 modified "2023-10-16" @default.
- W2946155886 title "When Do Ecosystem Services Depend on Rare Species?" @default.
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