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• W2948468391 abstract "Theraphosid spiders (tarantulas) are venomous arthropods found in most tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Most Australian tarantula species were described more than 100 years ago and there have been no taxonomic revisions. Seven species of theraphosids are described for Australia, pertaining to four genera. They have large geographic distributions and they exhibit little morphological variation. The current taxonomy is problematic, due to the lack of comprehensive revision. Like all organisms, tarantulas are impacted by numerous environmental factors. Their venoms contain numerous peptides and organic compounds, and reflect theraphosid niche diversity. Their venoms vary between species, populations, sex, age and even though to maturity. Tarantula venoms are complex cocktails of toxins with potential uses as pharmacological tools, drugs, and bioinsecticides. Although numerous toxins have been isolated from venoms of tarantulas from other parts of the globe, Australian tarantula venoms have been little studied. Using molecular methods, this thesis aims to document venom variation among populations and species of Australian tarantulas and to better describe their biogeography and phylogenetic relationships.The phylogenetic species delimitation approach used here predicts a species diversity two to six times higher than currently recognized. Species examined fall into four main clades and the geographic disposition of those clades in Australia seems to be related to precipitation and its seasonality. Australian tarantulas are shown to be non-monophyletic. Species may have immigrated multiple times between South-east Asia (SEA) and Australia.Australian species belonging to the genera Phlogius and Coremiocnemis are shown to be paraphyletic. However, the inclusion of “true” Selenocosmia species, e.g., from southeast Asia, is necessary to make more sound decisions regarding synonyms and diagnoses. Haplotypes of P. crassipes reveals highly genetically structured genes and the absence of isolation by distance. Phlogius crassipes is composed of at least two cryptic species, and here its range and diagnosis are updated. Phlogius strenuus is transferred from Selenocosmia and its range and diagnosis are updated. With the new range of Phlogius strenuus, it is clear that populations, genetic diversity, and even entire species are at risk, based upon the assumption that the species might be harvested sustainably is rejected.I found 26 phylogenetic clades using 2% divergence of the nucleotides of the 16S barcode region. Using whole venom profiling, the venom of individuals within a clade varies as much as across clades. However, venom belonging to phylogenetic groups contained at least one unique peptide that could be utilised to distinguish it from other phylogenetic groups. These results suggest that venom variation between phylogenetic groups may be useful in ascertaining species identity. I show that the venom of P. strenuus changes continuously during development and throughout adulthood, i.e., there are ontogenetic changes in venom composition.Intraspecific and interspecific venom variation can demonstrate how fast evolving and adaptive venom can be. The presence of unique peptides within each phylogenetic group is evidence that the specificity of venom could be used as an identification method in future. In addition, unique peptides within potential species and within each maturity stage present extra evidence that a single species can highly contribute to amplify our chemical library, which can increase possibilities of making new pharmacological discoveries." @default.
• W2948468391 created "2019-06-14" @default.
• W2948468391 creator A5075931519 @default.
• W2948468391 date "2019-04-15" @default.
• W2948468391 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W2948468391 title "Tarantulas of Australia: phylogenetics and venomics" @default.
• W2948468391 doi "https://doi.org/10.14264/uql.2019.292" @default.
• W2948468391 hasPublicationYear "2019" @default.
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