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- W2948916227 abstract "Lysosomes undergo constant fusion–fission cycles, which are important to maintain steady-state lysosome number, size, and function. Lysosome fission proceeds through vesicle formation, membrane tubulation, lysosome splitting, and kiss-and-run. Canonical coat proteins, such as clathrin; adaptor proteins (AP1–5); scission machinery, such as dynamin; and novel proteins, such as spastizin and spatacsin, help mediate fission from lysosomes and related organelles. Phosphoinositide species and Ca2+ may help coordinate the types of fission mechanism that act on lysosomes and related organelles. Overall, lysosome fission, including mechanisms of cargo sorting and targeting, remains a relatively ill-defined process. Lysosomes are acidic and degradative organelles that receive and digest a plethora of molecular and particulate cargo delivered by endocytosis, autophagy, and phagocytosis. The mechanisms responsible for sorting, transporting, and ultimately delivering membranes and cargo to lysosomes through fusion have been intensely investigated. Much less is understood about lysosome fission, which is necessary to balance the incessant flow of cargo into lysosomes and maintain steady-state number, size, and function of lysosomes. Here, we review the emerging picture of how lipid signals, coat and adaptor proteins, and motor-cytoskeletal assemblies drive budding, tubulation, splitting, and ‘kiss-and-run’ events that enable fission and exit from lysosomes and related organelles. Lysosomes are acidic and degradative organelles that receive and digest a plethora of molecular and particulate cargo delivered by endocytosis, autophagy, and phagocytosis. The mechanisms responsible for sorting, transporting, and ultimately delivering membranes and cargo to lysosomes through fusion have been intensely investigated. Much less is understood about lysosome fission, which is necessary to balance the incessant flow of cargo into lysosomes and maintain steady-state number, size, and function of lysosomes. Here, we review the emerging picture of how lipid signals, coat and adaptor proteins, and motor-cytoskeletal assemblies drive budding, tubulation, splitting, and ‘kiss-and-run’ events that enable fission and exit from lysosomes and related organelles. sort molecular cargo and couple this to coat assembly that deforms membranes into buds. AP-1–5 form the classical AP complexes. induction of autophagy results in the formation of a double bi-layered autophagosome that sequesters cytoplasmic material, such as surplus or damaged mitochondria. Autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes, transforming into degradative and acidic autolysosomes wherein cytoplasmic cargo is digested and components recycled. after digestion of autophagic cargo, free amino acids reactivate mTORC1, which initiates the recovery of lysosomes from spent autolysosomes by extruding lysosomal membranes via tubular intermediates. These pinch to form protolysosomes, which mature into lysosomes. assemble and apply curvature to membranes to erupt buds that grow into vesicles or other intermediates. Coat proteins coordinate with cargo-sorting machinery and scission proteins, such as dynamin, to release vesicles. membrane deformation of an organelle, followed by scission to form a second compartment. Deformation may proceed through vesiculation, tubulation, or equatorial constriction of the parent organelle. the lipid bilayers of two membrane compartments exchange to form a continuous bilayer, thus merging the two compartments into a single organelle a spectrum of syndromes that impair motor neurons, leading to lower limb muscle weakness and spasticity. Patients with these conditions tend to have mutations in genes encoding a variety of endomembrane trafficking proteins, such as spastizin and the AP5 complex. a process whereby two membrane organelles merge their lipid bilayers to form a pore between them that allows luminal and membrane exchange (the kiss). This is then followed by scission to prevent complete merger, reforming the two organelles (the run). supramolecular assemblies that hold two adjacent membrane organelles in tight apposition to mediate communication between these organelles and nonvesicular exchange of lipids and other molecules. cells can entrap extracellular particulates (>0.5 μm in diameter) with their plasma membrane to form a phagosome. Phagosomes then undergo a maturation process, ultimately fusing with lysosomes to form the acidic and degradative phagolysosome wherein the particle is digested. the process of eliminating a phagosome postparticle degradation by recycling the phagosomal membrane and its contents to re-establish homeostasis of endosomes, lysosomes, and plasma membrane. phosphorylation derivatives of phosphatidylinositol forming seven species, each recruiting specific cognate effector proteins to the host membrane. They are viewed as markers of membrane identity and can be converted by the action of lipid kinases and phosphatases." @default.
- W2948916227 created "2019-06-14" @default.
- W2948916227 creator A5001790036 @default.
- W2948916227 creator A5068783946 @default.
- W2948916227 date "2019-08-01" @default.
- W2948916227 modified "2023-10-09" @default.
- W2948916227 title "Lysosome Fission: Planning for an Exit" @default.
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