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• W295027779 abstract "The Empowerment of Athletes and the IOC Athletes' Commission Crises and conflicts are far from being considered odd in the history of the Olympic Movement. On the contrary, since its founding, the Olympic Movement has gone through crises and tests which, to a greater or lesser degree, have put its ability to survive to the test. Nearly all the crises it has faced have had to do with its relations with national governments, social movements, and international sports agencies, since they were related to the obvious fact that the 'visibility' of the Games makes them an attractive target for political, social, and economic causes and goals. And so, instead of being an autonomous institution into which politics was entering without being invited, the Games and international sports themselves have played a significant role in international politics, incorporating conflict and tension. Confirmation of the involvement of some IOC members in denunciations of bribes and backscratching in the process of choosing Salt Lake City, United States, as headquarters for the summer Olympic Games of 2002 had an impact probably without precedent on the credibility of that institution. (1) Inspired by Machiavelli we could even say that, comparatively, the instability of virtu as the main girder of authority became a more serious threat to the Olympic construction than all the changes in fortuna during the more than 100 years of the IOC. Upon the IOC members' belief in virtu ensued the understanding that the risks to the credibility of the IOC and all their consequences could be corrected only by introducing, to a greater or lesser degree, democratic elements that would basically guarantee its transparency, responsible management, and representativity. This decision, although it responds coherently to the democratic trend of our time, contrasts in a certain manner with the historical perception that politics and the political game can be something dysfunctional or necessarily harmful to the internal dynamic of the IOC and even to its independence. (2) It should not be understood, however, that if the Committee was lacking democratic management, then there were or are no politics within it. If we observe the basic concept of Aristotle that politics are born of a diversity of interests, only in a very innocent way could the absence of politics be imagined in the Olympic Movement. As Gareth Morgan observes, organizational politics arise when people think differently and want to act differently. This diversity creates a tension that must be resolved through political means ... that are based on power relations among the actors involved. This involves interpersonal conflicts as well as power plays. (3) Indeed, this thesis seems to find validation in the case of the IOC. As Hill observed: The reasons for the potential rival's [FI's,/ANOC/ASOIF/AIOWF/GAISF] continuing (if uncertain) loyalty are complex but, whatever they are, the IOC does not stay at the top of the sporting pyramid without continuing effort. The process is political. It demands resources, which are channeled worldwide through Olympic Solidarity, an understanding of human motivation and the prudent manipulation of power. (4) Nevertheless, the fact that the Olympic directors have insisted on the dogma of separation between politics and sports and the IOC's form of organization and decision has contributed to the politics occurring on current bases almost always being invisible to everyone except to those directly involved. For these and other reasons, including the fact that privacy and secrecy can service political ends, the internal politics of the IOC have been transformed into a taboo subject. And so it has probably become very difficult for someone to clearly assume the existence of a particular motive for the acts of the Committee that supposedly serve the cause of the Movement above all else. …" @default.
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• W295027779 date "2008-01-01" @default.
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• W295027779 title "'Democracy Is Not the Holy Grail': Concepts and Attitudes of Olympic Athletes toward the IOC Athletes Commission" @default.
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