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• W2950312900 abstract "Several tree crops have experienced rapid increase in yield per hectare due to the application of high-density planting systems and increased understanding of plant architecture. Macadamia, as a less-developed tree crop, may benefit from similar improvement. Macadamia species are evergreen sub-tropical trees of the family Proteaceae, native to the mid-eastern coast of Australia. The genus Macadamia is comprised of four species: Macadamia integrifolia, M. tetraphylla, M. jansenii and M. ternifolia, which vary in tree size and yield. Commercial macadamia tree canopies are relatively unmodified from their natural form and are currently managed by crude hedging that can result in yield loss. Canopy growth is dense and vigorous, which historically has been addressed by planting orchards at low-density.In an effort to make higher planting densities possible, this thesis determines the diversity of plant architecture in macadamia and establishes the role of plant architecture in the improvement of yield efficiency for future macadamia cultivars and orchard systems. The research details how vegetative and reproductive architecture is organised in macadamia and how traits at different scales of growth interact to produce outcomes in overall canopy size, structure and yield. Phenotypic relationships between vegetative architecture and yield components were investigated in order to understand the dynamics of structure and function. The study found a high level of diversity in architectural traits and yield components across a range of macadamia genotypes. Architectural traits that showed potential for commercial importance were identified. A positive relationship between branch angle and flowering was apparent across studies, as was a negative relationship between branch angle and apical vigour. On young trees, flowering tended to occur on the most-apical flushes. Raceme length related positively with yield, whereas TCA and branch unit length related positively with canopy volume. Identification of these multi-scale relationships provides new opportunities for controlling vigour and potentially increasing yield in future systems via modification of specific traits.Modification of such architectural traits is vital to the improvement of productivity and to the suitability of future cultivars for high-density planting. Limb bending experiments in six-year-old trees suggested that bending shoots in May increased local flowering, whereas bending at other times increased lateral growth and decreased apical growth but not flowering. Continuous limb bending over the early years of growth in another experiment did not significantly influence flowering or yield. Breeding desirable architectural traits may be a more practical solution to management of canopy architecture. Heritability calculations suggested that genetic gain would be slow when breeding directly for yield and canopy volume, however, a number of multi-scale architectural (trunk cross-sectional area; branch angle; node number per GU) and yield components (raceme length; raceme number) showed high heritability. These traits showed strong genetic relationships with yield and tree size, proposing useful focus traits for indirect breeding to increase genetic gain. This research emphasises the importance of breeding new cultivars for the macadamia industry and the protection of untapped diversity in natural macadamia populations. Viability of the intensification of macadamia is discussed alongside considerations for manipulation of canopy architecture for increased productivity." @default.
• W2950312900 created "2019-06-27" @default.
• W2950312900 creator A5007842295 @default.
• W2950312900 date "2019-05-15" @default.
• W2950312900 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W2950312900 title "Phenotypic and genotypic diversity in macadamia canopy architecture, flowering and yield" @default.
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