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• W2952579140 startingPage "95" @default.
• W2952579140 abstract "Succinct non-interactive arguments (SNARGs) enable verifying NP statements with much lower complexity than required for classical NP verification (in fact, with complexity that is independent of the NP language at hand). In particular, SNARGs provide strong solutions to the problem of verifiably delegating computation. Despite recent progress in the understanding and construction of SNARGs, there remain unattained goals. First, publicly-verifiable SNARGs are only known either in the random oracle model, or in a model that allows expensive offline preprocessing. Second, known SNARGs require from the prover significantly more time or space than required for classical NP verification. We show that, assuming collision-resistant hashing, any SNARG having a natural proof of knowledge property (i.e., a SNARK) can be “bootstrapped” to obtain a complexity-preserving SNARK, i.e., one without expensive preprocessing and where the prover’s time and space complexity is essentially the same as that required for classical NP verification. By applying our transformation to known publiclyverifiable SNARKs with expensive preprocessing, we obtain the first publicly-verifiable complexitypreserving SNARK in the plain model (and in particular, eliminate the expensive preprocessing), thereby attaining the aforementioned goals. We also show an analogous transformation for privately-verifiable SNARKs, assuming fully-homomorphic encryption. Curiously, our transformations do not rely on PCPs. At the heart of our transformations is recursive composition of SNARKs and, more generally, new techniques for constructing and using proof-carrying data (PCD) systems, which extend the notion of a SNARK to the distributed setting. Concretely, to bootstrap a given SNARK, we recursively compose the SNARK to obtain a “weak” PCD system for shallow distributed computations, and then use the PCD framework to attain stronger, complexity-preserving SNARKs and PCD systems. ∗Supported by the Check Point Institute for Information Security, Marie Curie grant PIRG03-GA-2008-230640, and ISF grant 0603805843. The first author was also supported by the Fulbright program. †Supported by the Check Point Institute for Information Security and by the Israeli Centers of Research Excellence (I-CORE) program (center No. 4/11)." @default.
• W2952579140 created "2019-06-27" @default.
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• W2952579140 date "2012-01-01" @default.
• W2952579140 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W2952579140 title "Recursive Composition and Bootstrapping for SNARKs and Proof-Carrying Data." @default.
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