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• W2954184146 abstract "•Bioprosthetic valve thrombosis (BPVT) can occur beyond 3 months postimplantation.•BPVT can reoccur after successful treatment with fibrinolysis and anticoagulation.•Other forms of bioprosthetic valve dysfunction can coexist with thrombosis.•Echocardiography can promptly diagnose bioprosthesis thrombosis.•Management requires valve replacement, thrombolysis, or anticoagulation•After BPVT long-term anticoagulation may be required. Bioprosthetic valve thrombosis (BPVT) is a rare entity associated with high morbidity and mortality.1Puvimanasinghe J.P. Steyerberg E.W. Takkenberg J.J. Eijkemans M.J. Van Herwerden L.A. Bogers A.J. et al.Prognosis after aortic valve replacement with a bioprosthesis: predictions based on meta-analysis and microsimulation.Circulation. 2001; 103: 1535-1541Crossref PubMed Scopus (135) Google Scholar, 2Butnaru A. Shaheen J. Tzivoni D. Tauber R. Bitran D. Silberman S. Diagnosis and treatment of early bioprosthetic malfunction in the mitral valve position due to thrombus formation.Am J Cardiol. 2013; 112: 1439-1444Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (50) Google Scholar BPVT can coexist with other forms of prosthesis dysfunction such as endocarditis or pannus formation3Dangas G.D. Weitz J.I. Giustino G. Makkar R. Mehran R. Prosthetic heart valve thrombosis.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016; 68: 2670-2689Crossref PubMed Scopus (171) Google Scholar and has a wide spectrum of clinical presentations. Echocardiography plays a pivotal role in the diagnosis and the differentiation of BPVT from the other forms of valve dysfunction.4Zoghbi W.A. Chambers J.B. Dumesnil J.G. Foster E. Gottdiener J.S. Grayburn P.A. et al.Recommendations for evaluation of prosthetic valves with echocardiography and Doppler ultrasound.J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2009; 22: 975-1014Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (868) Google Scholar, 5Habets J. Budde R.P. Symersky P. Van den Brink R.B. De Mol B.A. Mali W.P. et al.Diagnostic evaluation of left-sided prosthetic heart valve dysfunction.Nat Rev Cardiol. 2011; 8: 466-478Crossref PubMed Scopus (52) Google Scholar We present a case of bioprosthetic mitral valve thrombosis, in a patient with a history of drug abuse, which developed <3 years following original valve implantation. The patient presented with cardiogenic shock and multiorgan failure and was treated with multiple rounds of thrombolysis, with eventual clinical and hemodynamic stabilization and improvement of mitral valve gradients to baseline. Less than 3 months later, the patient was switched from warfarin to a novel anticoagulant and represented with recurrent valve thrombosis (proven by pathology) and endocarditis of the bioprosthesis requiring surgical valve replacement. Echocardiography played an important role in the diagnosis and guided the management in both presentations. A 57-year-old man with a history of intravenous drug use developed endocarditis 3 years earlier, which was treated with antibiotics and mitral valve replacement using a bioprosthetic valve (27 mm St. Jude's Epic) and concomitant tricuspid valve repair (30 mm Carpentier Edwards annuloplasty ring) due to severe regurgitation from pulmonary hypertension and severe mitral regurgitation. Three years following surgery he presented with shortness of breath and hemoptysis. On presentation he was afebrile; his blood pressure was 160/90 mm Hg, heart rate was 115 bpm, and oxygen saturation was 86% on room air. He was intubated for hypoxia and developed persistent hypotension requiring vasopressor support. Blood work was significant for leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia, and evidence of organ hypoperfusion (Table 1). Urine toxicology screen was positive for cocaine. Blood cultures were negative. Electrocardiogram showed sinus tachycardia with right bundle branch block, and chest imaging revealed bilateral airspace opacities. Swan-Ganz catheter showed elevated wedge pressure (32 mm Hg), pulmonary hypertension (80/47 mm Hg), and low cardiac index (1.6).Table 1Laboratory data on patient's presentationFirst presentationNormal valuesHemoglobin, g/dL16.514-17White blood count16,5004,000-10,000Platelet count53,000150,000-350,000INR1.1<1.1Lactate, mmol/L2.2<2Creatinine, mg/dL2.20.8-1.3Potassium, meq/L5.93.5-5AST, units/L3,1250-35ALT, units/L1,5680-35Total bilirubin, mg/dL1.80.3-1.2BNP, pg/mL1,200<100ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase. Open table in a new tab ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase. Transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) showed a thickened mitral valve prosthesis with reduced leaflet excursion and suggested significant mitral valve prosthesis stenosis (Video 1, Video 2), of unclear etiology. Bedside transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) demonstrated mild left and moderate right ventricular dysfunction and severe bioprosthesis mitral valve thrombosis with the thrombus extending onto the lateral wall of the left atrium (Figure 1, Video 3). Reoperation on the mitral valve was felt to carry a prohibitive risk of mortality. The patient was transfused platelets and was given thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). After 2 cycles of tPA there was no clinical improvement and repeat echocardiograms showed unchanged mitral valve gradients. After a third cycle of thrombolysis, a TEE showed improvement in the mitral prosthesis thrombus burden (Video 4). At that time, the patient was maintained on a continuous heparin infusion with target anti-Xa 0.4-0.5. A repeat echocardiogram 28 days into hospitalization showed significant improvement in thrombus burden and valve gradients (Figure 2, Video 5, Video 6). The patient slowly improved, liver and kidney function normalized, and he was transitioned to warfarin with a goal international normalized ratio (INR) of 2.5 to 3. Blood cultures remained negative throughout hospitalization. TTE upon discharge showed normalization of left ventricular systolic function and a mildly elevated mean gradient across the mitral bioprosthesis (7 mm Hg), which was similar to the gradient noted after his original surgery (Video 7). Approximately 3 months following discharge and 2 weeks after warfarin was switched to rivaroxaban due to poor compliance with INR checks, the patient represented with progressive dyspnea on exertion. Upon presentation, he was afebrile; jos blood pressure was 90/65 mm Hg, and heart rate was 95 bpm. Pertinent blood work showed anemia, thrombocytopenia, and leukocytosis. The patient denied recurrent drug use and urine toxicology screen was negative. Repeat echocardiogram showed a large, mobile echodensity on the mitral valve prosthesis, with a 22 mm Hg mean gradient (Figure 3, Video 8, Video 9, Video 10). Recurrent thrombosis was felt to be the cause, and he was treated again with tPA infusion. After thrombolysis completion, blood cultures returned positive for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis. Antibiotic therapy for prosthetic valve endocarditis was instituted. Eventually the patient underwent reoperative mitral valve replacement with a 29 mm Carpentier Edwards Mitral MagnaEase bioprosthetic valve. The gram stain and culture of the explanted bioprosthesis were negative, while pathology revealed the presence of thrombus and bacterial colonies, which were consistent with the organism detected in the blood culture. Postoperative TTE showed a well-functioning mitral valve prosthesis (Figure 4). The patient had an uneventful postoperative course and was discharged on warfarin. BPVT is a relatively rare clinical entity, with reported incidence 0.04%-6.2% per year,1Puvimanasinghe J.P. Steyerberg E.W. Takkenberg J.J. Eijkemans M.J. Van Herwerden L.A. Bogers A.J. et al.Prognosis after aortic valve replacement with a bioprosthesis: predictions based on meta-analysis and microsimulation.Circulation. 2001; 103: 1535-1541Crossref PubMed Scopus (135) Google Scholar, 2Butnaru A. Shaheen J. Tzivoni D. Tauber R. Bitran D. Silberman S. Diagnosis and treatment of early bioprosthetic malfunction in the mitral valve position due to thrombus formation.Am J Cardiol. 2013; 112: 1439-1444Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (50) Google Scholar yet it is still important, as it is associated with high morbidity and mortality. The largest BPVT series to date reported an 11.6% rate of histologically proven thrombosis, among 397 patients who underwent prosthesis explantation.6Egbe A.C. Pislaru S.V. Pellikka P.A. Poterucha J.T. Schaff H.V. Maleszewski J.J. et al.Bioprosthetic valve thrombosis versus structural failure: Clinical and echocardiographic predictors.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015; 66: 2285-2294Crossref PubMed Scopus (161) Google Scholar A recent review reported that only 24% of BPVT cases occurred within the first 3 months.7Dohi M. Doi K. Yaku H. Early stenosis of an aortic porcine bioprosthesis due to thrombosis: Case report and literature review.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2015; 149: e83-e86Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (4) Google Scholar Mayo Clinic data showed that the peak incidence of BPVT is at 13-24 months following implantation.8Pislaru S.V. Hussain I. Pellikka P.A. Maleszewski J.J. Hanna R.D. Schaff H.V. et al.Misconceptions, diagnostic challenges and treatment opportunities in bioprosthetic valve thrombosis: lessons from a case series.Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2015; 47: 725-732Crossref PubMed Scopus (68) Google Scholar Patients with BPVT may have a wide spectrum of clinical presentations. Thrombosis of the valve may be an incidental finding at follow-up imaging with TTE or computed tomography scan.3Dangas G.D. Weitz J.I. Giustino G. Makkar R. Mehran R. Prosthetic heart valve thrombosis.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016; 68: 2670-2689Crossref PubMed Scopus (171) Google Scholar, 9Puri R. Auffret V. Rodes-Cabau J. Bioprosthetic valve thrombosis.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017; 69: 2193-2211Crossref PubMed Scopus (83) Google Scholar Most patients present clinically with progressive dyspnea and heart failure symptoms or systemic embolization, while patients with severe valve obstruction may present with cardiogenic shock.3Dangas G.D. Weitz J.I. Giustino G. Makkar R. Mehran R. Prosthetic heart valve thrombosis.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016; 68: 2670-2689Crossref PubMed Scopus (171) Google Scholar, 9Puri R. Auffret V. Rodes-Cabau J. Bioprosthetic valve thrombosis.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017; 69: 2193-2211Crossref PubMed Scopus (83) Google Scholar The first-line imaging test in suspected BPVT is TTE.4Zoghbi W.A. Chambers J.B. Dumesnil J.G. Foster E. Gottdiener J.S. Grayburn P.A. et al.Recommendations for evaluation of prosthetic valves with echocardiography and Doppler ultrasound.J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2009; 22: 975-1014Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (868) Google Scholar, 5Habets J. Budde R.P. Symersky P. Van den Brink R.B. De Mol B.A. Mali W.P. et al.Diagnostic evaluation of left-sided prosthetic heart valve dysfunction.Nat Rev Cardiol. 2011; 8: 466-478Crossref PubMed Scopus (52) Google Scholar The test is useful to identify hemodynamic features suggestive of valve thrombosis (elevated transvalvular gradients); however, morphological features, such as reduced leaflet excursion and the presence of thrombus, may not always be seen.4Zoghbi W.A. Chambers J.B. Dumesnil J.G. Foster E. Gottdiener J.S. Grayburn P.A. et al.Recommendations for evaluation of prosthetic valves with echocardiography and Doppler ultrasound.J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2009; 22: 975-1014Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (868) Google Scholar, 5Habets J. Budde R.P. Symersky P. Van den Brink R.B. De Mol B.A. Mali W.P. et al.Diagnostic evaluation of left-sided prosthetic heart valve dysfunction.Nat Rev Cardiol. 2011; 8: 466-478Crossref PubMed Scopus (52) Google Scholar Therefore, after initial screening with TTE, TEE should be performed to better visualize the prosthesis leaflets, evaluate for presence of thrombus, and accurately differentiate it from pannus, vegetation, or valve degeneration.4Zoghbi W.A. Chambers J.B. Dumesnil J.G. Foster E. Gottdiener J.S. Grayburn P.A. et al.Recommendations for evaluation of prosthetic valves with echocardiography and Doppler ultrasound.J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2009; 22: 975-1014Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (868) Google Scholar, 5Habets J. Budde R.P. Symersky P. Van den Brink R.B. De Mol B.A. Mali W.P. et al.Diagnostic evaluation of left-sided prosthetic heart valve dysfunction.Nat Rev Cardiol. 2011; 8: 466-478Crossref PubMed Scopus (52) Google Scholar Differentiation of these entities is important, as they are treated in different ways. Table 2 presents clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of the different entities of bioprosthesis dysfunction. Though BPVT typically presents with stenosis, new-onset regurgitation or mixed stenosis-regurgitation can also occur.3Dangas G.D. Weitz J.I. Giustino G. Makkar R. Mehran R. Prosthetic heart valve thrombosis.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016; 68: 2670-2689Crossref PubMed Scopus (171) Google Scholar, 4Zoghbi W.A. Chambers J.B. Dumesnil J.G. Foster E. Gottdiener J.S. Grayburn P.A. et al.Recommendations for evaluation of prosthetic valves with echocardiography and Doppler ultrasound.J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2009; 22: 975-1014Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (868) Google Scholar, 5Habets J. Budde R.P. Symersky P. Van den Brink R.B. De Mol B.A. Mali W.P. et al.Diagnostic evaluation of left-sided prosthetic heart valve dysfunction.Nat Rev Cardiol. 2011; 8: 466-478Crossref PubMed Scopus (52) Google Scholar, 9Puri R. Auffret V. Rodes-Cabau J. Bioprosthetic valve thrombosis.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017; 69: 2193-2211Crossref PubMed Scopus (83) Google Scholar, 10Roudaut R. Serri K. Lafitte S. Thrombosis of prosthetic heart valves: Diagnosis and therapeutic considerations.Heart. 2007; 93: 137-142Crossref PubMed Scopus (210) Google Scholar In patients with inconclusive TTE and TEE findings, multidetector computed tomography scan can differentiate between thrombus and pannus, based on Hounsfield units.11Makkar R.R. Fontana G. Jilaihawi H. Chakravarty T. Kofoed K.F. De Backer O. et al.Possible subclinical leaflet thrombosis in bioprosthetic aortic valves.N Engl J Med. 2015; 373: 2015-2024Crossref PubMed Scopus (642) Google ScholarTable 2Clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of thrombus, pannus, and vegetationThrombusPannusVegetationDevelops in shorter period after implantation (weeks to months), sudden/acute onset of symptoms.Develops in longer period (usually years), symptoms are progressive.May develop early or later after implantation, acute or subclinical symptoms.Involves a large valve area, higher density, usually located on the atrial side of mitral prostheses, greater leaflet restriction, >50% increase in transvalvular gradient compared with baseline, increased cusp thickness (>2 mm) especially in the downstream aspect of valve, abnormal cusp mobility.Involves a small valve area, lower density, usually located on the ventricular side of the valve, less leaflet restriction.Echodense mass attached to the valve, mobile components, friable appearance, can cause leaflet restriction or leaflet destruction. Open table in a new tab The treatment strategy for BPVT depends on clinical presentation, hemodynamic status, valve location, and presence of obstruction.3Dangas G.D. Weitz J.I. Giustino G. Makkar R. Mehran R. Prosthetic heart valve thrombosis.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016; 68: 2670-2689Crossref PubMed Scopus (171) Google Scholar, 9Puri R. Auffret V. Rodes-Cabau J. Bioprosthetic valve thrombosis.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017; 69: 2193-2211Crossref PubMed Scopus (83) Google Scholar, 10Roudaut R. Serri K. Lafitte S. Thrombosis of prosthetic heart valves: Diagnosis and therapeutic considerations.Heart. 2007; 93: 137-142Crossref PubMed Scopus (210) Google Scholar In cases of left-sided obstructive thrombi, surgery is the preferred treatment, with fibrinolysis being reserved for patients with poor functional capacity, high surgical risk, or contraindications to surgery.12Nishimura R.A. Otto C.M. Bonow R.O. Carabello B.A. Erwin J.P. Guyton R.A. et al.2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014; 63: e57-e185Crossref PubMed Scopus (1947) Google Scholar Fibrinolysis can also be considered in patients with good functional capacity and a small thrombus burden, after failure of heparin therapy.10Roudaut R. Serri K. Lafitte S. Thrombosis of prosthetic heart valves: Diagnosis and therapeutic considerations.Heart. 2007; 93: 137-142Crossref PubMed Scopus (210) Google Scholar For nonobstructive left-sided thrombi that are >5 mm and mobile, surgery can be considered if intravenous heparin fails to resolve the thrombus. For thrombi <5 mm, medical therapy with oral anticoagulation is preferred.10Roudaut R. Serri K. Lafitte S. Thrombosis of prosthetic heart valves: Diagnosis and therapeutic considerations.Heart. 2007; 93: 137-142Crossref PubMed Scopus (210) Google Scholar In cases or right-sided thrombi that cause obstruction, fibrinolysis is recommended.10Roudaut R. Serri K. Lafitte S. Thrombosis of prosthetic heart valves: Diagnosis and therapeutic considerations.Heart. 2007; 93: 137-142Crossref PubMed Scopus (210) Google Scholar The optimal duration and intensity of anticoagulation after surgical bioprosthetic valve implantation have never been evaluated in randomized prospective trials, and most of the available evidence stems from large registry studies, with their inherent limitations. On the basis of current evidence, guidelines recommend 3 months of oral vitamin K antagonist therapy, followed by aspirin.12Nishimura R.A. Otto C.M. Bonow R.O. Carabello B.A. Erwin J.P. Guyton R.A. et al.2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014; 63: e57-e185Crossref PubMed Scopus (1947) Google Scholar There is no consensus in regards to the type or duration of anticoagulation for patients who present with BPVT.10Roudaut R. Serri K. Lafitte S. Thrombosis of prosthetic heart valves: Diagnosis and therapeutic considerations.Heart. 2007; 93: 137-142Crossref PubMed Scopus (210) Google Scholar, 12Nishimura R.A. Otto C.M. Bonow R.O. Carabello B.A. Erwin J.P. Guyton R.A. et al.2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014; 63: e57-e185Crossref PubMed Scopus (1947) Google Scholar While vitamin K antagonists are the recommended anticoagulation strategy to treat BPVT, the efficacy and safety of novel anticoagulants are explored in ongoing studies. We presented a case of mitral bioprosthesis thrombosis, which was treated successfully with fibrinolysis and had recurrence of thrombosis (proven by pathology) along with endocarditis of the prosthesis, <3 months following successful fibrinolytic therapy. Although we cannot be absolutely sure about the first presentation, since no pathology was acquired, underlying subclinical infection of the valve may have been present (in light of an elevated white blood cell count and despite negative cultures), with superimposed thrombosis, which was successfully treated with thrombolysis. BPVT occurs within months to years following valve implantation and should be in the differential of patients presenting with heart failure, thromboembolism, or cardiogenic shock. It can coexist with other forms of bioprosthesis dysfunction, such as pannus formation or endocarditis, and it may reoccur after successful treatment with fibrinolysis or anticoagulation. Prospective studies are required to define the appropriate type and duration of anticoagulation following initial surgical implantation and bioprosthesis thrombosis." @default.
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• W2954184146 title "A Case of Bioprosthetic Mitral Valve Dysfunction, Initially Presenting with Valve Thrombosis Followed by Recurrent Thrombosis and Endocarditis" @default.
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