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• W2956848783 abstract "Alkaline flooding is the earliest chemical flooding method reported. Its usagewas in the beginning limited to reservoirs with high acid numbers because of theassumption that recovery is due to in situ surfactant that is formed from alkali-acidiccomponents reactions. Alkaline flooding while succeeded in increasing microscopicsweep did not reduce the mobility ratio. Consequently, the macroscopic sweep wasnot improved. Later work proved that improvement in recovery was not dependenton high acid number. This work aims to relate the increase in recovery by alkalineflooding due to end-points relative permeability changes and formation of 1FTreducing components that do not depend on acids.Dulang crude, Waxy crude and Sodium Hydroxide as the alkaline solutionwere tested. Removals of acids from the crudes were effected by adding 2-Ethylimidazole in Ethanol with the crudes. The extracted and un-extracted crudeswere used in alkaline flooding using Berea sandstone cores with initial waterflooding; End-points relative permeability changes and incremental recoveries fromalkaline flooding were measured from the displacement tests for comparisons. Coreproperties after displacements were also inspected for any effective porosity andpermeability alterations. Effluents from the displacement test were tested for alcoholformation which was expected to be a major Interfacial Tension (1FT) reducingcomponent.Synthetically mixed crude oil (n-Heptanes/ Butanol/ Oleic Acid) were testedwith alkaline solution to identity component which affected the 1FT the most.Emulsion stability test was also conducted using Dulang crude with alkaline solutionto quantity the Interfacial Viscosity (IFV) which could play a major role inimproving the volumetric efficiency.Incremental recoveries from alkaline flooding for un-extracted crude werearound 7- 10% whereas for the extracted crude 5-6% incremental. End-pointsrelative permeability to the displacing fluid, Krw' was reduced to around 30 - 50%in alkaline flooding compared to water flooding in all the displacement tests, thusleads to a lower Mobility Ratio of 0.5 - 0. 7 in the case for alkaline flooding. pHdetection of more than 0.5 indicates a high possibility of alcohol formation from theeffluents of the displacement runs. Effective permeability of the core sample prior to flooding increased after the displacement test with an increase of around 0.2 - 13%increment from all cases.From all the synthetic crude mixture, Butanol as one of the type of alcohol,lead to the greatest 1FT reduction of 0.14 Dynes/em at 5% wt concentration. Thisconfirmed that even if very small amount of alcohol was formed, it can lead to a verylow 1FT. From emulsion stability test, at 2 % wt concentration of alkaline, theemulsion formed was the most stable giving the longest time for separation of around33 minutes. This explained the stability of emulsion droplets formed in alkalineflooding which improved the volumetric efficiency thus leading to a higher oilrecovery.Alkaline flooding still offers a cheap alternative to other interfacial tension(1FT) reducing chemical process. Well defined relationships between the recoveryimprovements to key mechanisms in alkali flooding can be valuable in designingflooding processes using alkali as part of alkali polymer or alkali-surfactant-polymerflooding." @default.
• W2956848783 created "2019-07-23" @default.
• W2956848783 creator A5024105123 @default.
• W2956848783 date "2011-01-01" @default.
• W2956848783 modified "2023-09-28" @default.
• W2956848783 title "ALKALINE FLOODING OF LOW ACID NUMBER CRUDE OIL" @default.
• W2956848783 hasPublicationYear "2011" @default.
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