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• W295808754 abstract "Pit Women: Coal Communities in Northern England in the Early Twentieth Century. Griselda Carr. London: Merlin Press. 2001. 174 pp. ISBN 0-85036-495-7. $19.95 (paper). I eagerly devoured Pit Women, intrigued by its promise of insight into my childhood growing up in the Yorkshire coalfields of northern England. I was not disappointed. Pit Women paints a fascinating portrait of the everyday lives of women in coal-mining communities and records their courage and optimism in the face of severe economic hardship. Griselda Carr has provided an important cultural history of a little-studied group of British women. Pit Women focuses on working-class women in mining communities in northern England from the turn of the century until 1947 when the mining industry was nationalized. She contextualizes these women's lives by explaining the coal industry in the early 20th century and the organization of coal-mining communities. She then goes on to focus on women's place in these communities and centers on housing, health, and mothering. In these chapters she explains the enormous domestic responsibilities that fell on women and the ways that the dangerous, dirty, and often irregular work of their husbands, fathers, and brothers posed serious hardships for women attempting to maintain homes and families. Wages were low and housing was not only inadequate, but evictions of whole families might occur as a result of a strike or the unemployment, death, or disability of the male wage earner. Sanitation was often deplor- able, nutrition inadequate, and the environment polluted. In these early years of the 20th century, individuals aged quickly due to exposure to occupational disease, the hazards of hard physical labor, and economically precarious lives. Life expectancies were low and infant mortality high; health services developed slowly and acceptance of family planning occurred relatively late. Carr traces social and political changes through the 20th century that brought some relief to these communities, as well as the additional hardships on women that came about as a result of prolonged industrial struggles. She also includes several chapters on women's networks and formal organizations to improve the quality of women's lives. Despite these hardships and the resulting stoicism and lack of emotion and affection that often characterized mining families, Carr shows the deep love and concern that women felt for their children and families as well as the solidarity and community that developed as pit women relied on relatives and neighbors to survive. Alongside various hardships, they sought as many ways as possible to share amusements and enjoy life. Carr is not an ordinary academic writer. The narrative in Pit Women is informed by Carr's experience living and working in mining communities and especially through her role as wife to a miner whose employment in the coal mines began in the 1920s. …" @default.
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