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- W296467490 abstract "The financial and physical costs of living an inactive life are tremendous. Cardiovascular disease (CVD), the leading cause of death in the United States, includes physical inactivity as one of the risk factors. It was reported in 2009 that more than 80 million Americans suffer from cardiovascular disease in some form, costing an estimated 475 billion dollars, which includes health expenditures and lost job productivity (American Heart Association, 2009). Additionally, the American Heart Association (AHA) estimates that 935,000 Americans have heart attacks each year. It is well documented that physical inactivity and poor dietary habits are risk factors that can lead to increased weight levels and obesity, increasing the chance for a heart attack and/or stroke (AHA, 2009). Building a Theoretical Foundation to Study Wellness Outcomes Preventing, treating, and rehabilitating health conditions related to these risk factors requires an appropriate theoretical base for effective implementation of the strategies involved. Collegiate physical education and wellness courses may be an effective setting for impacting health-related behavior change in students. According to Schwarzer (2008) however, some social-cognitive theories assume that an individual's intention to change is the best predictor of actual change, but people don't always behave as they intend. The inconsistency between intention and behavior could be due to a variety of barriers; therefore other factors may come into play that could help transition intentions into action. Some barriers, such as perceived self-efficacy and strategic planning, have been identified as helping individuals transition between intentions and behavior. Theorists suggest the use of two types of categories on which specific models are designed and structured (Lippke & Ziegelmann, 2008). A continuum model is a group of theories with a structure intended to identify predictors for behavior or behavior change. The other category of theoretical models, stage models, suggests that change takes place along a progression of stages toward a final stage (Lippke & Ziegelmann, 2008). However, it is possible that a combination of these categories of theoretical models is more effective in designing processes for affecting health behavior change, rather than the reliance on only one category. The Transtheoretical Model (TTM), a stage theory, was proposed to describe the importance of the behavior change and also for its maintenance (Prochaska, Wright, & Velicer, 2008). This is perhaps the most commonly used theory in the literature focusing on health-related behavior change. The Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) is a continuum theory which suggests that individuals can learn based on observations and interactions within a social environment (Bandura, 2004). An example of this in health behavior change can be seen when college wellness students are motivated by observing the benefits other students have gained through regular physical activity and more nutritious eating habits due to the influence of the wellness course instruction. The Physical Activity Maintenance (PAM) theory (Nigg, Borrelli, Maddock, & Dishman, 2008) looks at behavior change and includes stress as instrumental in behavior prediction. Nigg and her colleagues emphasized the importance of the role of self-efficacy in predicting, initiating and maintaining behavior. An example of research based on this theoretical model can be found in a recent study in which the investigators used PAM to study the impact on health behavior change of the 10,000 steps program used by health care providers. Results found that white women were more likely not to maintain regular physical activity even though a strong family support structure was in place (Sherwood, Martinson, Craine, Hayes, Pronk, & O'Connor, 2008). The significance of PAM's emphasis on maintaining physical activity is particularly important because of findings that approximately half of older adults who begin a program of physical activity quit within three months (Sherwood, et al. …" @default.
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- W296467490 date "2013-03-22" @default.
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- W296467490 title "The Impact of Course Delivery Format on Wellness Patterns of University Students." @default.
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