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• W2967085777 abstract "Reviewed by: Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and the British Challenge to Republican America, 1783–1795 by Michael Schwarz Paul A. Gilje (bio) Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and the British Challenge to Republican America, 1783–1795. By Michael Schwarz. (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2017. Pp. 127. Cloth, $90.00.) A little more than a decade ago, Michael Schwarz published in these pages a groundbreaking article, which argued that it was Alexander Hamilton and not James Madison who shifted his position on relations with Great Britain after the ratification of the Constitution. In Federalist 11, Hamilton had supported the idea of using discriminating tariffs against the British to coerce commercial concessions. When Madison [End Page 560] attempted to put these policies into place in 1789 and the early 1790s, Hamilton balked, coddled up to the British, and insisted on treating the British on par with other foreign powers. He hoped to thereby avoid a trade war and sought to guarantee a dependable revenue stream. Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and the British Challenge to Republican America, 1783–1795 elaborates on this idea and places it into the context of Anglo–American relations from the Treaty of Paris to the Jay Treaty. In the process, Schwarz has written a wonderful little book that offers perceptive insight into the development of early American foreign policy. Schwarz manages both to be succinct and detailed at the same time—a feat that is to be admired. Schwarz also provides ample room for debate, discussion, and, as shall be seen in some of my comments below, disagreement. Schwarz argues that during the 1780s Madison and Jefferson were part of a national consensus of leaders who held that Great Britain was the major foreign policy threat to the United States. Concern with the continued British menace and commercial monopoly was a major reason that American leaders called the Constitutional Convention. However, and here is where Hamilton's divergence comes to the fore, although everyone agreed that Great Britain was a big problem, the consensus broke down in the years after the ratification of the U.S. Constitution. Within this context, Madison and Jefferson's approach to Great Britain was consistent with the earlier fears of British power and even harked back to the Revolution itself when fear of a ministerial conspiracy against American liberties loomed over everything (xiv). Schwarz waltzes through the major issues of early American diplomacy, ranging from the conversations between Hamilton and the British agent George Beckwith to discussing the efforts of Madison and Jefferson to push for discrimination against Britain. Schwarz highlights lesser known controversies, including the Nootka Sound crisis (when Great Britain and Spain almost went to war in 1790) and the failed negotiations between Jefferson and the British minister George Hammond, as well as better-known stories like the mission of the French minister Edmond Genet, and of course, the crisis that led to the Jay Treaty. Schwarz sees this last event as so important a watershed that he ends his book with a discussion of the treaty and why Madison and Jefferson opposed it. As much as I admire this book, the interpretive framework and its overall scope are too narrow. Although it is hard to contend that the British were not the biggest diplomatic problem for the United States [End Page 561] between 1783 and 1795, focusing almost entirely on these problems obscures a larger set of issues that might be addressed if we stand back and take a longer period under consideration. The overarching quandary Americans faced, both before and after the Revolutionary War, was how to relate to the three main European empires (not just Great Britain) that asserted claim to North America. The French thus posed the greatest threat to Americans before they were temporarily eliminated from the continent in 1763. French reentry to the continent during the Revolutionary War, although as allies of the United States, not only posed a serious problem for those colonists who wanted to remain loyal to George III but also to the revolutionaries themselves, since the French hoped to exert influence on the new nation and even sought to dictate policy to the Continental Congress. The British obviously were a bigger problem..." @default.
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• W2967085777 title "Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and the British Challenge to Republican America, 1783–1795 by Michael Schwarz" @default.
• W2967085777 doi "https://doi.org/10.1353/jer.2019.0065" @default.
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