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• W2967295526 abstract "Establishing meaningful relationships between virulence gene variation and infectious disease outcome is fundamental to advancing our understanding of bacterial pathogenicity. Bacterial pathogens frequently gain genetic variations that drive the adaptive evolution of virulence, often enhancing persistence in distinct host niches. However, such genotype–phenotype correlations remain incompletely understood. This is particularly true for the human pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus; GAS) whose versatile adaptive capability is largely associated with high genome plasticity and with highly variable sets of accessory genes.1Bao Y.J. Shapiro B.J. Lee S.W. Ploplis V.A. Castellino F.J. Phenotypic differentiation of Streptococcus pyogenes populations is induced by recombination-driven gene-specific sweeps.Sci Rep. 2016; 6: 36644Crossref PubMed Scopus (13) Google Scholar, 2Davies M.R. McIntyre L. Mutreja A. Lacey J.A. Lees J.A. Towers R.J. et al.Atlas of group A streptococcal vaccine candidates compiled using large-scale comparative genomics.Nat Genet. 2019; 51: 1035-1043Crossref PubMed Scopus (51) Google Scholar Such variability in genome content also poses a major hurdle in vaccine development.2Davies M.R. McIntyre L. Mutreja A. Lacey J.A. Lees J.A. Towers R.J. et al.Atlas of group A streptococcal vaccine candidates compiled using large-scale comparative genomics.Nat Genet. 2019; 51: 1035-1043Crossref PubMed Scopus (51) Google Scholar Despite over a century of intense research, there is still no commercially available vaccine to prevent GAS infections on the market. GAS causes a wide variety of human diseases with diverse clinical manifestations. These infections range from mild illnesses such as pharyngitis (strep throat) to severe, life-threatening invasive infections. It is estimated that more than 18 million individuals globally suffer from serious GAS infections, accounting for more than 500,000 deaths annually.3Ralph A.P. Carapetis J.R. Group A streptococcal diseases and their global burden.Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2013; 368: 1-27PubMed Google Scholar This immense health burden places GAS among the top 10 mortality-causing infectious agents worldwide.3Ralph A.P. Carapetis J.R. Group A streptococcal diseases and their global burden.Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2013; 368: 1-27PubMed Google Scholar Alarmingly, the incidence of invasive GAS infections has increased in many industrialized countries over the past few decades.4Efstratiou A. Group A streptococci in the 1990s.J Antimicrob Chemother. 2000; 45 Suppl: 3-12Crossref PubMed Scopus (156) Google Scholar Recently, other manifestations of GAS disease, including the toxin-mediated scarlet fever, have followed a similar trend.5Walker M.J. Brouwer S. Scarlet fever makes a comeback.Lancet Infect Dis. 2018; 18: 128-129Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (12) Google Scholar Although the triggers for these epidemics remain unclear, the global resurgence and persistence of severe invasive GAS infections has been attributed to the circulation of highly virulent GAS strains. A significant driver for the high-virulence phenotype of invasive GAS strains is represented by genetic variations in virulence-related genes. One of the most frequently detected mutations in invasive GAS isolates occurs in the genes encoding the control of virulence (CovRS, or CsrRS) two-component regulatory system, which plays a major role in controlling GAS virulence factor expression.6Ikebe T. Ato M. Matsumura T. Hasegawa H. Sata T. Kobayashi K. Watanabe H. Highly frequent mutations in negative regulators of multiple virulence genes in group A streptococcal toxic shock syndrome isolates.PLoS Pathog. 2010; 6: e1000832Crossref PubMed Scopus (126) Google Scholar In this issue of The American Journal of Pathology, Bernard and et al7Bernard P.E. Kachroo P. Eraso J.M. Zhu L. Madry J.E. Linson S.E. Saavedra M.O. Cantu C. Musser J.M. Olsen R.J. Polymorphisms in RocA contribute to the molecular pathogenesis of serotype M28 group A Streptococcus.Am J Pathol. 2019; 189: 2002-2018Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (4) Google Scholar report the role of naturally-occurring polymorphisms in the regulator of Cov (RocA), an accessory protein to the CovRS two-component system, in the molecular pathogenesis of serotype M28 GAS invasive infections. Previous studies have revealed that rocA is unusually polymorphic in acapsular serotype M28 GAS strains recovered from patients with invasive infections,8Bernard P.E. Kachroo P. Zhu L. Beres S.B. Eraso J.M. Kajani Z. Long S.W. Musser J.M. Olsen R.J. RocA has serotype-specific gene regulatory and pathogenesis activities in serotype M28 group A Streptococcus.Infect Immun. 2018; 86: e00467-18Crossref PubMed Scopus (9) Google Scholar, 9Kachroo P. Eraso J.M. Beres S.B. Olsen R.J. Zhu L. Nasser W. Bernard P.E. Cantu C.C. Saavedra M.O. Arredondo M.J. Strope B. Do H. Kumaraswami M. Vuopio J. Grondahl-Yli-Hannuksela K. Kristinsson K.G. Gottfredsson M. Pesonen M. Pensar J. Davenport E.R. Clark A.G. Corander J. Caugant D.A. Gaini S. Magnussen M.D. Kubiak S.L. Nguyen H.A.T. Long S.W. Porter A.R. DeLeo F.R. Musser J.M. Integrated analysis of population genomics, transcriptomics and virulence provides novel insights into Streptococcus pyogenes pathogenesis.Nat Genet. 2019; 51: 548-559Crossref PubMed Scopus (35) Google Scholar suggesting that the identified missense and nonsense mutations might confer a selective fitness advantage in vivo. To gain a better understanding of the contribution of these naturally-occurring rocA polymorphisms to invasive GAS disease, genome-wide transcriptome analysis was conducted on selected strains containing rocA polymorphisms. Of the five unique RocA variants screened, the missense mutations H60Y (which additionally carried deletion mutations in the variable number tandem repeat sequence), P97L and T442P substantially altered the transcriptome of serotype M28 GAS. Among these were several transcripts for known virulence factors, the expression of which is under the control of the CovRS two-component system. Similar expression patterns were observed in an isogenic ΔrocA deletion mutant strain, suggesting important roles for these residues in RocA function. Of these rocA deletion-like mutations, the T442P RocA variant is of particular interest as it is located in the putative non-functional histidine kinase ATPase domain of RocA. Remarkably, multiple isolates independently developed this mutation during human invasive infections, indicating a significant contribution to increased virulence of serotype M28 GAS in vivo. This was confirmed in murine and nonhuman primate models of necrotizing myositis, where serotype M28 GAS displayed significantly increased virulence due to mutation at amino acid position 442. Naturally-occurring polymorphisms in rocA have been reported in other GAS M protein serotypes from both invasive and noninvasive infections,10Lynskey N.N. Turner C.E. Heng L.S. Sriskandan S. A truncation in the regulator RocA underlies heightened capsule expression in serotype M3 group A streptococci.Infect Immun. 2015; 83: 1732-1733Crossref PubMed Scopus (20) Google Scholar, 11Miller E.W. Pflughoeft K.J. Sumby P. Reply to “A truncation in the regulator RocA underlies heightened capsule expression in serotype M3 group A streptococci”.Infect Immun. 2015; 83: 1734Crossref PubMed Scopus (9) Google Scholar, 12Miller E.W. Danger J.L. Ramalinga A.B. Horstmann N. Shelburne S.A. Sumby P. Regulatory rewiring confers serotype-specific hyper-virulence in the human pathogen group A Streptococcus.Mol Microbiol. 2015; 98: 473-489Crossref PubMed Scopus (33) Google Scholar, 13Zhu L. Olsen R.J. Horstmann N. Shelburne S.A. Fan J. Hu Y. Musser J.M. Intergenic variable-number tandem-repeat polymorphism upstream of rocA alters toxin production and enhances virulence in Streptococcus pyogenes.Infect Immun. 2016; 84: 2086-2093Crossref PubMed Scopus (14) Google Scholar, 14Feng W. Minor D. Liu M. Li J. Ishaq S.L. Yeoman C. Lei B. Null mutations of group A Streptococcus orphan kinase RocA: selection in mouse infection and comparison with CovS mutations in alteration of in vitro and in vivo protease SpeB expression and virulence.Infect Immun. 2017; 85: e00790-16Crossref PubMed Scopus (13) Google Scholar, 15Jain I. Miller E.W. Danger J.L. Pflughoeft K.J. Sumby P. RocA is an accessory protein to the virulence-regulating CovRS two-component system in group A Streptococcus.Infect Immun. 2017; 85: e00274-17Crossref PubMed Scopus (15) Google Scholar often resulting in protein truncation and altered expression of GAS virulence genes. For example, GAS isolates of serotype M18 are uniformly rocA mutants, which results in the unique, highly encapsulated phenotype of this serotype.16Lynskey N.N. Goulding D. Gierula M. Turner C.E. Dougan G. Edwards R.J. Sriskandan S. RocA truncation underpins hyper-encapsulation, carriage longevity and transmissibility of serotype M18 group A streptococci.PLoS Pathog. 2013; 9: e1003842Crossref PubMed Scopus (43) Google Scholar On the whole, the empirical evidence points to a key role for RocA in GAS molecular pathogenesis and suggests that rocA polymorphisms are frequently selected during host infection. Yet the precise mechanistic mode of action of RocA has not been fully elucidated. Acting as an upstream regulator of CovR, RocA is hypothesized to be a pseudokinase affecting CovR phosphorylation and downstream regulatory activity in a CovS-dependent manner.15Jain I. Miller E.W. Danger J.L. Pflughoeft K.J. Sumby P. RocA is an accessory protein to the virulence-regulating CovRS two-component system in group A Streptococcus.Infect Immun. 2017; 85: e00274-17Crossref PubMed Scopus (15) Google Scholar, 17Biswas I. Scott J.R. Identification of rocA, a positive regulator of covR expression in the group A Streptococcus.J Bacteriol. 2003; 185: 3081-3090Crossref PubMed Scopus (65) Google Scholar Very recent experimental evidence demonstrates that RocA directly binds to and interacts with CovS in the streptococcal cell membrane to increase the kinase activity of CovS. The amino-terminal transmembrane domains of RocA were shown to be essential for intramembrane heterodimerization with CovS.18Lynskey N.N. Velarde J.J. Finn M.B. Dove S.L. Wessels M.R. RocA binds CsrS to modulate CsrRS-mediated gene regulation in group A Streptococcus.mBio. 2019; 10: e01495-19Crossref PubMed Scopus (10) Google Scholar In serotype M1 GAS, these transmembrane domains were also critical for RocA function.15Jain I. Miller E.W. Danger J.L. Pflughoeft K.J. Sumby P. RocA is an accessory protein to the virulence-regulating CovRS two-component system in group A Streptococcus.Infect Immun. 2017; 85: e00274-17Crossref PubMed Scopus (15) Google Scholar, 18Lynskey N.N. Velarde J.J. Finn M.B. Dove S.L. Wessels M.R. RocA binds CsrS to modulate CsrRS-mediated gene regulation in group A Streptococcus.mBio. 2019; 10: e01495-19Crossref PubMed Scopus (10) Google Scholar Results of the present study support this view, by highlighting an essential role for the transmembrane domain residues H60 and P97 in the regulatory activity of RocA in serotype M28 GAS.7Bernard P.E. Kachroo P. Eraso J.M. Zhu L. Madry J.E. Linson S.E. Saavedra M.O. Cantu C. Musser J.M. Olsen R.J. Polymorphisms in RocA contribute to the molecular pathogenesis of serotype M28 group A Streptococcus.Am J Pathol. 2019; 189: 2002-2018Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (4) Google Scholar The unexpected functional consequences of a missense mutation in the C-terminal histidine kinase ATPase domain, however, question the assumption that this domain is non-functional in RocA. Interestingly, the functional requirement of this domain is not restricted to serotype M28 GAS. Previous studies showed that serotype M3 GAS isolates exhibit increased capsule expression due to the presence of frameshift mutations in the hypothetical histidine kinase ATPase domain, resulting in a truncated protein.10Lynskey N.N. Turner C.E. Heng L.S. Sriskandan S. A truncation in the regulator RocA underlies heightened capsule expression in serotype M3 group A streptococci.Infect Immun. 2015; 83: 1732-1733Crossref PubMed Scopus (20) Google Scholar, 11Miller E.W. Pflughoeft K.J. Sumby P. Reply to “A truncation in the regulator RocA underlies heightened capsule expression in serotype M3 group A streptococci”.Infect Immun. 2015; 83: 1734Crossref PubMed Scopus (9) Google Scholar The latest evidence indicates that the cytoplasmic domains play an important structural, non-enzymatic role in RocA function, facilitating homodimerization of RocA which is necessary for functional interaction with CovS.18Lynskey N.N. Velarde J.J. Finn M.B. Dove S.L. Wessels M.R. RocA binds CsrS to modulate CsrRS-mediated gene regulation in group A Streptococcus.mBio. 2019; 10: e01495-19Crossref PubMed Scopus (10) Google Scholar Interestingly, the serotype-specific RocA truncation in M3 isolates caused RocA aggregation, which is hypothesized to impair RocA-CovS interaction.18Lynskey N.N. Velarde J.J. Finn M.B. Dove S.L. Wessels M.R. RocA binds CsrS to modulate CsrRS-mediated gene regulation in group A Streptococcus.mBio. 2019; 10: e01495-19Crossref PubMed Scopus (10) Google Scholar This observation raises the possibility that the M28-specific T442P polymorphism reported in the current study is similarly affecting RocA oligomerization.7Bernard P.E. Kachroo P. Eraso J.M. Zhu L. Madry J.E. Linson S.E. Saavedra M.O. Cantu C. Musser J.M. Olsen R.J. Polymorphisms in RocA contribute to the molecular pathogenesis of serotype M28 group A Streptococcus.Am J Pathol. 2019; 189: 2002-2018Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (4) Google Scholar Based on findings of these recent studies, it is likely that residue T442 might be involved in important intermolecular interactions critical to RocA dimerization and for maintaining RocA function. Further research is needed to refine the structural and functional basis for the serotype-specific phenotype variations mediated by RocA. The high frequency of mutations in regulator-encoding genes is a driving force in the phenotypic heterogeneity of pathogenic bacteria. In GAS, the stand-alone regulator of protease B (RopB, or Rgg), the multigene regulator in GAS (Mga) and the CovRS two-component regulatory system have been identified as hot-spots for mutation.19Sarkar P. Sumby P. Regulatory gene mutation: a driving force behind group a Streptococcus strain- and serotype-specific variation.Mol Microbiol. 2017; 103: 576-589Crossref PubMed Scopus (22) Google Scholar Bernard et al7Bernard P.E. Kachroo P. Eraso J.M. Zhu L. Madry J.E. Linson S.E. Saavedra M.O. Cantu C. Musser J.M. Olsen R.J. Polymorphisms in RocA contribute to the molecular pathogenesis of serotype M28 group A Streptococcus.Am J Pathol. 2019; 189: 2002-2018Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (4) Google Scholar also found a number of polymorphisms in genes of these regulators alongside rocA mutations in the collection of M28 isolates analyzed in this work. Polymorphisms in multiple regulator genes are likely to provide another additional layer of complexity to virulence gene regulation and illustrate the importance of understanding how genetic variations drive infection-niche tropism in GAS. Polymorphisms in Regulator of Cov Contribute to the Molecular Pathogenesis of Serotype M28 Group A StreptococcusThe American Journal of PathologyVol. 189Issue 10PreviewTwo-component systems (TCSs) are signal transduction proteins that enable bacteria to respond to external stimuli by altering the global transcriptome. Accessory proteins interact with TCSs to fine-tune their activity. In group A Streptococcus (GAS), regulator of Cov (RocA) is an accessory protein that functions with the control of virulence regulator/sensor TCS, which regulates approximately 15% of the GAS transcriptome. Whole-genome sequencing analysis of serotype M28 GAS strains collected from invasive infections in humans identified a higher number of missense (amino acid–altering) and nonsense (protein-truncating) polymorphisms in rocA than expected. Full-Text PDF Open Archive" @default.
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• W2967295526 title "The Serotype-Specific Role of Regulator of Cov Polymorphisms in the Pathogenesis of Invasive Group A Streptococcal Infections" @default.
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