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• W2968572384 abstract "Beginning in the late 1970s, sanctuary practices underwent a revival. Immigrantsliving without legal status and their supporters, first in the United Kingdom, andthen in the United States, Canada, and elsewhere in Europe, have resorted tosanctuary practices to avoid and resist arrest and deportation by state authorities. Sanctuary appeared amidst a dramatic rise in the number of asylumseekers arriving in Western countries and a simultaneous escalation in nationaland international efforts to discourage and control their arrival and presencethrough myriad means, including arrest and deportation.This volume explores sanctuary in its multiple iterations and examines theconceptual and theoretical issues into which they provide insight in new nationaland institutional contexts. Assembled are 17 chapters written by scholars fromeight countries. Each chapter either explores key issues that sanctuary practicesraise or details the development and trajectory of a particular sanctuary movement. Most do both. In so doing, this volume showcases the multi-disciplinarycharacter of sanctuary scholarship, with chapters authored by scholars writingfrom the disciplines of anthropology, geography, political science, sociology, law,theology, and English. Among these scholars are also several sanctuary movement participants. The chapters are geographically diverse, exploring sanctuaryin the US, Canada, the UK, Germany, Finland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark,France, Iraq and Afghanistan.The volume is organized as follows. This Introduction highlights key themesand overviews the chapters. The volume is then divided into four Parts: Part Ion historical, theological and theoretical perspectives on sanctuary that reveal itsjustifications and rationales; Part II on the US context, including the 1980s USSanctuary Movement’s effects and the recent inter-faith New Sanctuary Movement (NSM); Part III, an international section, primarily focused on traditionalfaith-based sanctuary practices and movements in Europe and Canada; andPart IV on emergent forms of sanctuary, which also has an international flavourin covering developments in the US, Canada, and the UK, as well as Iraq andAfghanistan. There is inevitably some overlap of purpose among the four Parts,but Part I is broadly focused on ways of seeing and justifying sanctuary; Parts IIand III expose details of neglected contemporary sanctuary movements andpractices internationally; and, finally, Part IV encompasses chapters that explorethe broadening of sanctuary beyond Christian churches and its emergence inother institutional realms such as municipal governments and in international/military relations.In the English-speaking world, most people associate contemporary sanctuarypractices with a faith-based social movement commencing in the early 1980s inthe US. This movement spawned an extensive multi-disciplinary body of scholarship, ranging from ethnographies informed by social movement theory, tosociological studies of so-called ‘deviant behaviour’, to consideration of legalquestions surrounding constitutional freedom-of-religion claims, especially in thewake of US state authorities charging and convicting several sanctuary activists.However, by the early 1990s, this self-defined social movement had all butexpired in the US.The existing scholarship on sanctuary, drawing mostly on this US experience,has exposed sanctuary as a set of practices, including spatial practices, as a fertilesite to unearth and examine theoretical and conceptual questions from acrossseveral disciplines. Scholars have theorized sanctuary in relation not only tomigration and citizenship processes but also gender, race, church-state relations,social movements, civil disobedience, freedom of religion, and political identity.Activists and scholars have wrestled with several vital questions about contemporary sanctuary practices. Do these practices constitute a social movementor a string of unrelated events that merely share similar tactics? Are these practices faith-based or an assemblage of disparate elements, some secular, somesacred? How do these practices relate to law; are they ‘illegal’ as state agentsoften argue or are they a means to actuate higher forms of law, includinginternational law?The collection’s aim is to surpass isolated accounts and case studies of sanc-tuary practices and movements in one country, from one perspective, and onehistorical period that characterize sanctuary scholarship to date. Rarely noted inexisting scholarship is that sanctuary practices have had a presence outside theUS, continue to persist, and have undergone a recent US resurgence. Thus,neglected are sanctuary activities outside the US before (as in the UK), and afterthe early 1980s (as in Canada, Germany, France and the Nordic countries).That said, the US remains a key site of sanctuary, especially with the rise of theNSM, which culminated in a national sanctuary meeting in New York City in2009 and which helped inspire in continental Europe an international conference on sanctuary in Germany in 2010. Sanctuary, therefore, would seem tobe garnering popular and scholarly attention in the US once again. Two chaptersin this collection focus exclusively on the NSM and its significant conceptual andtheoretical implications. Moreover, the US has been the source or location ofseveral of sanctuary’s other forms that are explored in Part IV.This volume also seeks to reveal sanctuary as a more international, institu-tionally-flexible, and perhaps above all, theoretically-rich set of practices. Thecollection’s multi-disciplinary and international character raises new questionsabout sanctuary movements and practices. Among the principal issues thatrequire such consideration and debate include: What is the critical potential ofsanctuary practices? Are these acts of consequence beyond the relatively smallspaces and the few lives positioned at their centre? Are they the symbolic tip ofan iceberg of resistant acts waiting to surface if conditions present themselves?Alternatively, are they merely another appendage of the state systems of inclusion and exclusion involving refugee determination and immigrant selection,merely a temporary corrective for flaws in these systems, despite their accompanying rhetoric of resistance and sovereignty? Are these practices representativeof asymmetrical power relations at their core?At the centre of contemporary sanctuary activities has been – almost exclusively –immigrants (often asylum-seekers) living without legal status in Western countries. All but two of the 17 chapters in this volume focus on sanctuary in relationto migration and to a lesser extent citizenship processes or on the role of immigrants without legal status in sanctuary practices. These two chapters, the firstand last in this volume, situate sanctuary in an even broader perspective. Theyreveal that sanctuary’s terrain in the past was not always migration and citizenshipand that it may not be so in the future. Sanctuary was once about protectingpersons alleged to have committed criminal acts, rather than immigrants facingexpulsion, as Karl Shoemaker’s Chapter 1 on medieval sanctuary documents.Nor is it clear this link will continue in the future, because sanctuary has quicklybegun acquiring new forms and meanings during its revival in the 1980s andduring the post-9/11 context since. As Michael Innes shows in Chapter 17,‘sanctuary’ has been increasingly invoked in military and/or international relations discourse to refer to ‘terrorist and militant’ havens and spaces of terrorismin Iraq and Afghanistan.Other themes that emerge in the volume are equally significant. These con-cern visibility, asymmetry, agency, sovereignty, legality, mutability and transformative potential. Reflected in the earliest scholarly accounts of contemporarysanctuary practices, the division between visibility and non-visibility is seen in theanalytical distinction between sanctuary as ‘exposure’ and sanctuary as ‘concealment’. The former – exposure – is a strategy to provide protection toimmigrants in a church or religious building and to gain the attention of massmedia, the public and state authorities. The latter – concealment – is theantithesis of this effort whereby sanctuary provision is purposely concealed fromstate authorities. Whether sanctuary practices are invisible or visible has much todo with the shifting rationales and purposes of sanctuary practices that are welldocumented in this volume. In Hector Perla and Susan Bibler Coutin’s Chapter 5,for example, the issue manifests in relation to questions of whether CentralAmerican activists needed to remain quiet and become invisible to foster NorthAmericans’ involvement in the 1980s sanctuary movement. In other words,invisibility was maintained to hide practices, not only from US authorities, butalso from other movement activists or would-be participants." @default.
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• W2968572384 title "Introduction: sanctuary across countries, institutions, and disciplines" @default.
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