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- W2968874575 endingPage "103" @default.
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- W2968874575 abstract "Abstract Human patients with homozygous null mutations in the ICOS gene suffer from recurrent infections due to humoral immune defects. Studies on human patients and mouse models have shown that inducible T‐cell co‐stimulator (ICOS)‐deficient individuals cannot form T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, a group of CD4 T cells that migrate into B cell follicles and facilitate germinal center (GC) reactions. ICOS‐induced phosphoinositide 3‐kinase signaling pathways have been shown to play critical roles in Tfh programming, migration of Tfh cells into the GC, and delivery of T cell help during Tfh‐GC B cell conjugation. These processes are also assisted by ICOS‐mediated intracellular calcium mobilization and TANK‐binding kinase 1 signaling. However, ICOS signaling also has stimulatory roles in T regulatory cells and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), providing another layer of complexity. In this review, we discuss cell‐type‐specific signaling mechanisms utilized by ICOS in Tfh cells, T regulatory cells, and ILCs. Whenever relevant, we compare the roles and signaling pathways of ICOS and CD28. Understanding ICOS signal transduction mechanisms used by distinct immune subsets at different stages of immune responses or disease progression may help improve vaccination protocols, treat autoimmune diseases, and enhance cancer immunotherapy." @default.
- W2968874575 created "2019-08-22" @default.
- W2968874575 creator A5006021559 @default.
- W2968874575 creator A5026685645 @default.
- W2968874575 creator A5044944732 @default.
- W2968874575 creator A5046346907 @default.
- W2968874575 creator A5049531033 @default.
- W2968874575 date "2019-08-12" @default.
- W2968874575 modified "2023-10-15" @default.
- W2968874575 title "Inducible T‐cell co‐stimulator: Signaling mechanisms in T follicular helper cells and beyond" @default.
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