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• W2970708352 abstract "Severe asthma in children is often notable for frequent exacerbations that drive fear and life disruption for child and family, and may contribute to poor airways growth. This chapter distinguishes severe asthma from asthma that is difficult to control and is due to diagnoses masquerading as asthma, comorbid conditions that make asthma worse, or nonadherence to medication regimen. Two main phenotypes of severe childhood asthma include (1) highly atopic, exacerbation-prone, and (2) low-atopic/nonatopic, highly symptomatic, asthma. Current evidence supports inclusion of the following when initially evaluating the child with severe asthma: standardized asthma severity assessment (e.g., Composite Asthma Severity Index [CASI]), spirometry with bronchodilator responsiveness, assessments of rhinitis and asthma-relevant environmental exposures, and exacerbation risk (e.g., Seasonal Asthma Exacerbation Index [SAEI]). Phenotypic characterization with fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), inhalant allergen sensitization, total serum IgE, and peripheral blood eosinophils can improve outcomes via phenotype-directed care. Pulmonary imaging, bronchoscopy, and bronchoprovocation testing can strengthen the evaluation for masqueraders and management. Inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) controller therapy remains a mainstay of daily treatment for the prevention of asthma exacerbations and is commonly combined with long-acting beta-agonist (LABA) to achieve good control. However, in children with severe asthma, ICS-LABA can fall short, and insights to improve outcomes can be obtained by revisiting the basics (e.g., masqueraders, comorbid conditions, adherence), deepening evaluation (e.g., pulmonary imaging, bronchoscopy), and phenotype-directed adjunctive therapies. For children with highly atopic, exacerbation-prone severe asthma, recently developed immunomodulatory therapies can reduce exacerbations and severity. Antimicrobial therapy (e.g., macrolides) may be helpful, especially in children with low-atopic/nonatopic severe asthma, and may be most effective when utilized in a diagnostically directed manner. There is an unmet need to better understand the pathobiology of this low-atopic/nonatopic phenotype of severe asthma in both children and adults. It is currently associated with obesity, cigarette smoke exposure, microbiome disruption, innate immune dysregulation, oxidant stress, and/or respiratory viral infections. In addition to today’s approach to children with severe asthma, we also discuss research directions on the horizon that are poised to improve management and outcomes for these children." @default.
• W2970708352 created "2019-09-05" @default.
• W2970708352 creator A5026562586 @default.
• W2970708352 creator A5084973045 @default.
• W2970708352 date "2019-08-30" @default.
• W2970708352 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W2970708352 title "Severe Asthma in Childhood: Special Considerations" @default.
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