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- W2973133110 abstract "In Austria, direct-expansion ground-coupled systems with horizontally installed ground coils are dominating the heat pump heating market. Reasons are lower costs and higher efficiencies compared with secondary loop systems due to omitting the circulation pump and one heat transfer loss; the Seasonal Performance Factor (SPF) of these systems is in the range of 4 to 5. In the case of limited ground area or existing houses, the alternatives are vertical systems, against direct-expansion systems. A new concept is a heat pipe as ground heat exchanger, and due to the fact that in this heat pipe only CO2 without oil is self circulating, no environmental concerns exist. The SPF achievable with such systems is similar to that of direct-evaporation systems." @default.
- W2973133110 created "2019-09-19" @default.
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- W2973133110 date "2003-08-17" @default.
- W2973133110 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
- W2973133110 title "Direct-expansion ground-coupled heat pumps." @default.
- W2973133110 hasPublicationYear "2003" @default.
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