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- W2974546554 endingPage "109524" @default.
- W2974546554 startingPage "109524" @default.
- W2974546554 abstract "The presence of excess fluoride in aqueous media above local environmental standards (e.g., the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standard of 4 mg/L) affects the health of aquatic life. Excess fluoride in drinking water above the maximum contaminant level (e.g., the World Health Organization (WHO) standard of 1.5 mg/L) also affects the skeletal and nervous systems of humans. Fluoride removal from aqueous solutions is difficult using conventional electrochemical, precipitation, and adsorption methods owing to its ionic size and reactivity. Thus, new technologies have been introduced to reduce the fluoride concentration in industrial wastewater effluents and various drinking water sources. Membrane technology is one of the newer technologies found to be very effective in significantly reducing fluoride to desired standards levels; however, it has received less attention than other technologies because it is perceived as a costly process. This study critically reviewed the performance of various membrane process and compared it with effluent and zero liquid discharge (ZLD) standards. The performance review has been conducted with the consideration of the theoretical background, rejection mechanisms, technical viability, and parameters affecting flux and rejection performance. This review includes membrane systems investigated for the defluoridation process but operated under pressure (i.e., reverse osmosis [RO] and nanofiltration [NF]), temperature gradients (i.e., membrane distillation [MD]), electrical potential gradients (i.e., electrodialysis [ED] and Donnan dialysis [DD]), and concentration differences (i.e., forward osmosis [FO]). Moreover, the study also addressed the advantages, limitations, & applicable conditions of each membrane based defluoridation process." @default.
- W2974546554 created "2019-09-26" @default.
- W2974546554 creator A5011167265 @default.
- W2974546554 creator A5014131529 @default.
- W2974546554 creator A5032339401 @default.
- W2974546554 creator A5054168356 @default.
- W2974546554 creator A5059582695 @default.
- W2974546554 creator A5065159387 @default.
- W2974546554 creator A5066615255 @default.
- W2974546554 creator A5069588039 @default.
- W2974546554 date "2019-12-01" @default.
- W2974546554 modified "2023-10-14" @default.
- W2974546554 title "Removal of fluoride in membrane-based water and wastewater treatment technologies: Performance review" @default.
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