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• W2977873168 abstract "The is dead, God save press. Freedom of press has less legal significance than meets eye. It is true, of course, that First Amendment specifically guarantees freedom of as well as free speech,1 and media often ascribe freedom they enjoy to Press Clause. Even Supreme Court occasionally emits rhetoric that implies as much.2 But as a matter of positive law, Press Clause actually plays a rather minor role in protecting freedom of press. Most of freedoms everyone enjoys under Speech Clause. The is protected from most government censorship, libel judgments, and prior restraints not because it is but because Speech Clause protects all of us from those threats.3 At same time, the insofar as that means something more than a machine for printing, is largely a creation of law. It is a collection of individuals and entities that receive special perquisites, sometimes from private sources such as sports leagues and movie studios, but often from government. The pass, gallery, room, office, secretary (or public-information officer), bus or plane, and poss are usually created by some form of law--statute, regulation, rule, or policy. These legal preferences are among principal features that distinguish from other information businesses. In a few areas, seems to enjoy constitutional protections that are not available to other speakers. Newspapers, species of media most easily recognizable as press, are more fully protected than other media.4 The state generally can not discriminate among political candidates, but may do so when it is engaged in journalism.6 Although Supreme Court has not endorsed idea,7 most of federal courts of appeal and many state supreme courts hold that First Amendment gives reporters a to refuse to reveal confidential sources, a not available to most other witnesses.8 The is also protected against forms of discriminatory taxation9 that are permissible as to other taxpayers.10 The is primary beneficiary of much First Amendment jurisprudence that ostensibly applies to nonpress speakers as well. The First Amendment of access to courtrooms is framed as a right of public access,11 but as a practical matter that is more likely to mean access.12 The Court acknowledges that courtroom access for general public may be restricted in order to provide seating for media representatives. 13 The probably enjoys no greater freedom than public to disclose prejudicial information about pending trials,14 but those members of public most likely to publish such information (such as attorneys and defendants) may be restricted in ways that may not be.15 The First Amendment protects a newspaper's to publish information about matters of public concern; 16 even though this is not limited to press,17 it is most useful to those who are in publishing business. This benefit is enhanced by an ancillary principle that illegally or illegally leaked information is still lawfully acquired by publisher as long as publisher was not involved in initial illegality.18 Nonconstitutional sources of special protection for are far more numerous. The gets preferential access to legislative chambers, executive news conferences, trials, war zones, disaster scenes, prisons, and executions. State and local statutes protect from otherwise legal police searches. More than half of states have shield laws creating reporters' privileges that are sometimes broader than First Amendment version of that privilege. The is exempted from some securities regulations and campaign-expenditure limitations. A federal statute exempts certain newspapers from antitrust laws. …" @default.
• W2977873168 created "2019-10-10" @default.
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• W2977873168 date "2002-02-01" @default.
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• W2977873168 title "Freedom of the Press" @default.
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