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- W2979491142 abstract "Central MessageExtracorporeal support is a growing strategy of choice for intraoperative support in lung transplantation.See Article page 320. Extracorporeal support is a growing strategy of choice for intraoperative support in lung transplantation. See Article page 320. In their article in this issue of the Journal, Hoetzenecker and colleagues1Hoetzenecker K. Benazzo B. Stork T. Sinn K. Schwarz S. Schweiger T. et al.Vienna Lung Transplant GroupBilateral lung transplantation on intraoperative extracorporeal membrane oxygenator: an observational study.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2020; 160: 320-327.e1Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (50) Google Scholar evaluate the utility of intraoperative extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in lung transplantation, endorsing its routine use as a means of reducing primary graft dysfunction. This analysis is timely and relevant and is presented against a backdrop of high-volume transplantation. Their results, although commendable, remain nonetheless susceptible to critique, particularly from a methodologic standpoint. In the quest to establish a paradigm of care, Hoetzenecker and colleagues1Hoetzenecker K. Benazzo B. Stork T. Sinn K. Schwarz S. Schweiger T. et al.Vienna Lung Transplant GroupBilateral lung transplantation on intraoperative extracorporeal membrane oxygenator: an observational study.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2020; 160: 320-327.e1Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (50) Google Scholar gambled against including neither a comparative nor a control arm. As such, they expose themselves to unmitigated confounding and bias. Their analysis is shielded from the tempering, moderating benefit of randomization, which might also otherwise have afforded a more objective lens through which to view their findings. This is particularly to the point in the weight placed on the comparison with cardiopulmonary bypass. The absence of propensity matching further compounds the confounding exacerbated by the prevailing fleeting consensus regarding the definition of primary graft dysfunction.2Cantu E. Diamond J.M. Suzuki Y. Lasky J. Schaufler C. Lim B. et al.Lung Transplant Outcomes Group. Quantitative evidence for revising the definition of primary graft dysfunction after lung transplant.Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018; 197: 235-243Crossref PubMed Scopus (28) Google Scholar Nonetheless, we have been afforded a snapshot of an operative protocol that has yielded respectable outcomes. A marked departure from the US experience, however, is manifest in the reporting of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as the predominant indication for transplantation. Allocation in the United States, in contradistinction, is determined primarily by the lung allocation score (LAS), which is predicated on clinical severity and not wait-list time and thus ultimately favors interstitial lung disease.3Horai T. Shigemura N. Gries C. Pilewski J. Bhama J.K. Bermudez C.A. et al.Lung transplantation for patients with high lung allocation score: single-center experience.Ann Thorac Surg. 2012; 93 (discussion 1597): 1592-1597Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (27) Google Scholar The lack of an objective estimation of clinical severity in the report, when coupled with the fact that only 4 out of 160 candidates required mechanical ventilation, raises credible doubt regarding clinical acuity in this cohort. The reader is rendered unable to draw meaningful comparisons and may surmise that intraoperative support may not necessarily have been required in all cases. The contemporary US experience thus provides a contrasting rather than corroborating testimony. There has been increased demand for bridging strategies.4Hayanga A.J. Aboagye J. Esper S. Shigemura N. Bermudez C.A. D'Cunha J. et al.Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to lung transplantation in the United States: an evolving strategy in the management of rapidly advancing pulmonary disease.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2015; 149: 291-296Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (89) Google Scholar This has increased the proportion of patients who undergo peripheral cannulation before transplantation and placed growing emphasis on ambulation and wakefulness.5Biscotti M. Gannon W.D. Agerstrand C. Abrams D. Sonett J. Brodie D. et al.Awake extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as bridge to lung transplantation: a 9-year experience.Ann Thorac Surg. 2017; 104: 412-419Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (123) Google Scholar Bridging has also popularized accompanying preferences, such as thoracotomy versus clamshell incisions. As such, the endorsement of central cannulation by Hoetzenecker and colleagues1Hoetzenecker K. Benazzo B. Stork T. Sinn K. Schwarz S. Schweiger T. et al.Vienna Lung Transplant GroupBilateral lung transplantation on intraoperative extracorporeal membrane oxygenator: an observational study.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2020; 160: 320-327.e1Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (50) Google Scholar somewhat attenuates both the deviation from a de facto clamshell approach and the very generalizability of the results, no matter how compelling. Furthermore, somewhat paradoxically, the study overlooks the fact that many transplantations require no form of support whatsoever, which ironically is true for candidates with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, the very majority of their cohort. Regardless, one must acknowledge the advantage proffered through intraoperative support. As the popularity of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation continues to outpace existing evidence, however, the challenge gravitates to the surgical community to establish practice guidelines. Analyses such as these provide a form of adjudication as to what we do and perhaps simultaneously uncover what we should not do. The acceptance of intraoperative extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a matter of routine is a concept that may continue to grow in popularity, but enthusiasm should likely be tempered by a sober assessment of the arithmetic of risk and benefit and not necessarily remain predicated on central cannulation. Bilateral lung transplantation on intraoperative extracorporeal membrane oxygenator: An observational studyThe Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular SurgeryVol. 160Issue 1PreviewIntraoperative extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is usually reserved to support patients during complex lung transplantation. We hypothesized that a routine application of intraoperative ECMO in all patients improves primary graft function. Full-Text PDF Open Archive" @default.
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