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• W2981056811 abstract "The changing climate threatens agricultural production and food security (Vincent et al., 2019Vincent H. Amri A. Castañeda-Álvarez N.P. Dempewolf H. Dulloo E. Guarino L. Hole D. Mba C. Toledo A. Maxted N. Modeling of crop wild relative species identifies areas globally for in situ conservation.Commun. Biol. 2019; 2: 136Crossref PubMed Scopus (46) Google Scholar). The limited genetic diversity of crops restricts the improvement potential, which acts as an inevitable barrier for breeding new, climate-fluctuating tolerant cultivated varieties with higher yields. Crop wild relatives (CWRs) have accumulated rich genetic variations and various types of traits during the process of long-term adaptive evolution, and thus can be used as genetic donors in germplasm innovation and improvement of crops. CWRs have been used to enhance pest and disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, yield, quality, and male sterility or fertility restoration in major crops (Hajjar and Hodgkin, 2007Hajjar R. Hodgkin T. The use of wild relatives in crop improvement: a survey of developments over the last 20 years.Euphytica. 2007; 156: 1-13Crossref Scopus (681) Google Scholar). However, the impact of climate change and land reclamation has threatened the natural habitats and genetic diversity of CWRs (Heywood et al., 2007Heywood V. Casas A. Ford-Lloyd B. Kell S. Maxted N. Conservation and sustainable use of crop wild relatives.Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2007; 121: 245-255Crossref Scopus (95) Google Scholar). Efficient conservation and sustainable utilization of CWRs are actions called for, both of which are essential for meeting the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), especially SDG 2 “Zero Hunger”: to end hunger, achieve food security, improve nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture (Bélanger and Pilling, 2019Bélanger J. Pilling D. The State of the World's Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture. FAO Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture Assessments, Rome2019Google Scholar). Currently, major funding is focused on ex situ conservation. In situ conservation is the weak point, which cannot be substituted and should be combined with ex situ conservation to maximize within-species diversity for sustainable utilization. The Yangtze River Basin (YRB) is one of the largest independent centers of crop domestication in the world, contributing to the origin of ancient Chinese agricultural civilization (Doebley et al., 2006Doebley J.F. Gaut B.S. Smith B.D. The molecular genetics of crop domestication.Cell. 2006; 127: 1309-1321Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1294) Google Scholar, Purugganan and Fuller, 2009Purugganan M.D. Fuller D.Q. The nature of selection during plant domestication.Nature. 2009; 457: 843-848Crossref PubMed Scopus (601) Google Scholar). Among regions of similar latitudes around the world, the YRB is the major distribution region of subtropical evergreen broadleaf forests with the largest area and richest diversity, and has the largest area of freshwater wetlands (e.g., shallow macrophytic lakes) generating the richest diversity of aquatic plants. About 70% of the total species in China are distributed in the YRB, containing >14 000 higher plant species (Ouyang and Zhu, 2011Ouyang Z.Y. Zhu C.Q. Atlas of Biodiversity and Conservation in the Yangtze River Basin. Science Press, Beijing2011Google Scholar). About half of the crops domesticated in China are from the YRB (Zhao and Chen, 2018Zhao Y. Chen J.K. The origin of crops in the Yangtze River basin and its relevance for biodiversity.Biodivers. Sci. 2018; 26: 333-345Crossref Scopus (2) Google Scholar). The local climate and vegetation in the YRB led to the domestication of aquatic crops from wetlands and economic forest and fruit crops from subtropical evergreen broadleaf forests (Figure 1), representing the unique biodiversity characteristics in the YRB, which is remarkably different from all other crop domestication centers worldwide (Zhao and Chen, 2018Zhao Y. Chen J.K. The origin of crops in the Yangtze River basin and its relevance for biodiversity.Biodivers. Sci. 2018; 26: 333-345Crossref Scopus (2) Google Scholar). For a long time the YRB has been a region with rapid economic and social development, and a dense population (Figure 1). It is the major agricultural production region in China (e.g., rice, oilseed rape), providing 40% of agricultural production and 40% of grain production on one-quarter of the arable lands in China. CWRs provide strategic resources for ensuring food security and promoting sustainable agricultural development in the YRB. However, long-term social and economic development in this area is dramatically eroding the natural habitats of CWRs. Owing to the development of modern agriculture and forestry, land use and land cover change during urbanization, and the human disturbances to local environment, the habitats of CWRs became degenerated or fragmented in the YRB, and the genetic diversity of CWRs declined dramatically. In the foreseeable future, with the development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt and the promotion of the Yangtze River conservation strategy, the YRB is anticipated to become a region of major conflict between economic and social development and the conservation and utilization of natural resources. In the YRB, CWRs usually are not constructive or dominant species. Therefore, their fates depend on the integrity and stability of local communities and ecosystems. Small CWR populations with low evolutionary potential are particularly vulnerable to habitat loss. Unfortunately, the endangered CWRs are not effectively protected. In situ conservation of CWRs can maintain significantly much more genetic diversity than ex situ conservation. For instance, the genetic diversity of common wild rice (Oryza rufipogon) under in situ conservation was significantly higher than that via ex situ conservation. In the meantime, in situ conservation is facing great challenges. According to the evaluation of wild rice in situ conservation in Dongxiang (Jiangxi Province) and Chaling (Hunan Province), the genetic variation of the population isolated by enclosure only accounted for 67.9% of the original population. The protection of the whole native habitat should be considered during in situ conservation (Qian et al., 2005Qian J. He T. Song Z.P. Lu B.R. Genetic evaluation of in situ conserved and reintroduced populations of wild rice (Oryza rufipogon: Poaceae) in China.Biochem. Genet. 2005; 43: 561-575Crossref PubMed Scopus (6) Google Scholar). Moreover, some CWRs are adjacent to crop fields, with natural hybridization between crops and CWRs, which may lead to severe genetic erosion of CWRs (Ellstrand et al., 2013Ellstrand N.C. Meirmans P. Rong J. Bartsch D. Ghosh A. de Jong T.J. Haccou P. Lu B.-R. Snow A.A. Stewart Jr., C.N. Introgression of crop alleles into wild or weedy populations.Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 2013; 44: 325-345Crossref Scopus (156) Google Scholar). Simple physical isolation (e.g., fences) cannot reduce pollen-mediated gene flow from adjacent crops to CWRs, such as in wind-pollinated cultivated rice and wild rice (Jin et al., 2018Jin X. Chen Y. Liu P. Li C. Cai X. Rong J. Lu B.-R. Introgression from cultivated rice alters genetic structures of wild relative populations: implications for in situ conservation.AoB Plants. 2018; 10: plx055Crossref PubMed Scopus (7) Google Scholar). Moreover, in situ conservation of CWRs often has not taken local communities and ecosystems into consideration. Simple physical isolation to help reduce human disturbance may not be suitable for in situ conservation of CWRs tolerant to a certain level of human disturbance. In the YRB, significant progress has been made with regard to CWR conservation and utilization of major crops. However, CWRs of minor crops draw less attention: many are not involved in conservation programs or are not the main targets of conservation in nature reserves. The majority of CWRs grow outside of the protected areas, and their conservation presents a major challenge. The absence of information about species and in situ conservation of CWRs in the YRB may lead to underrepresentation of local CWR diversity and restrict the strategic planning of global CWR conservation and utilization (Vincent et al., 2019Vincent H. Amri A. Castañeda-Álvarez N.P. Dempewolf H. Dulloo E. Guarino L. Hole D. Mba C. Toledo A. Maxted N. Modeling of crop wild relative species identifies areas globally for in situ conservation.Commun. Biol. 2019; 2: 136Crossref PubMed Scopus (46) Google Scholar). Conserving and utilizing the strategic CWRs (i.e., fundamental CWRs to meet the urgent or potential demands) should be the first priority. For instance, the vegetable oil consumption of China is more than 30 million tons annually (number 1 in the world) with 70% being imported, and preference is shifting toward health oils (USDA-FAS, 2017USDA-FAS. (2017). Oilseeds: World Markets and Trade, 11.09. https://www.fas.usda.gov/data/oilseeds-world-markets-and-trade.Google Scholar). However, less than 2% of the angiosperm species endemic to China have been surveyed for seed fatty acids (Li et al., 2017Li C. Cheng X. Jia Q. Song H. Liu X. Wang K. Zhao C. Zhang Y. Ohlrogge J. Zhang M. Investigation of plant species with identified seed oil fatty acids in Chinese literature and analysis of five unsurveyed Chinese endemic species.Front. Plant Sci. 2017; 8: 224PubMed Google Scholar). Oilseed camellia (e.g., Camellia oleifera) is the major woody oil crop in China. CWRs of oilseed camellia are widely distributed in the subtropical evergreen broadleaf forests of the YRB, and are suffering from deforestation and overexploitation (Huang et al., 2018Huang X. Chen J. Yang X. Duan S. Long C. Ge G. Rong J. Low genetic differentiation among altitudes in wild Camellia oleifera, a subtropical evergreen hexaploid plant.Tree Genet. Genomes. 2018; 14https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-018-1234-4Crossref Scopus (5) Google Scholar). However, CWRs of oilseed camellia are not the main targets of conservation and utilization; Oilseeds are difficult to conserve in seed banks for a long period, and self-incompatibility and the long generation time of shrubs/small trees make them difficult to conserve ex situ. For such perennial CWRs, in situ conservation may be the most effective method for the purpose of sustainable utilization. Domesticating new crops through de novo domestication of wild plants may be an important way to cope with challenges in the future (Fernie and Yan, 2019Fernie A.R. Yan J. De novo domestication: an alternative route toward new crops for the future.Mol. Plant. 2019; 12: 615-631Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (175) Google Scholar). In the YRB, there are more than 14 000 higher plant species, only 58 of which were domesticated as grain crops, vegetables, fruits, and economic crops (Zhao and Chen, 2018Zhao Y. Chen J.K. The origin of crops in the Yangtze River basin and its relevance for biodiversity.Biodivers. Sci. 2018; 26: 333-345Crossref Scopus (2) Google Scholar). There exists great potential for de novo domestication of new crops from “neglected plants” or CWRs distributed in the YRB, such as Zizania latifolia, Coix spp., and Vicia sativa. Priority should also be given to the in situ conservation and utilization of such strategic CWRs for adaptive potential to changing climate and environmental stresses. Based on the current situation and challenges for the conservation and utilization of CWRs in the YRB, we recommend the following.(1)Under the opportunity of institutional reforms to China's management of protected areas, when re-regulating all types of protected areas in the YRB, the new protected-area system needs to take CWR in situ conservation into special consideration. Establish key geographical areas for CWR in situ conservation, establish an in situ conservation network based on existing protected areas/sites, and incorporate the local network into a global network.(2)Develop a complete system of investigation, evaluation, protection, and dynamic monitoring for in situ conservation of CWRs, avoiding genetic erosion from crops and taking local communities and ecosystems into consideration. The systematic investigation and evaluation of the endangered situation of CWRs shall be carried out as soon as possible in the YRB. It is most critical and urgent to maintain or enhance genetic diversity and adaptability from an ecosystem perspective in the original habitat. More flexible in situ conservation approaches, such as conservation easements, may also be employed in disturbed habitats.(3)In accordance with the urgent or future demands, the first priority shall be given to the in situ conservation and utilization of strategic CWRs. Apply multi-omics techniques to study genetic diversity patterns of key agronomic traits, facilitating efficient mining and utilization of strategic CWRs and promoting de novo domestication of new crops from strategic CWRs.(4)Build up close links between local communities and CWR in situ conservation and utilization. Raise general public awareness about the importance of CWRs and provide public participant opportunities for in situ conservation and utilization, which can play important roles in protecting the habitats of many CWRs in the YRB close to human communities and under heavy disturbance by human activities. We appreciate the support of Jiangxi Institute of Ecological Civilization. No conflict of interest declared." @default.
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• W2981056811 title "Genetic Diversity of Crop Wild Relatives under Threat in Yangtze River Basin: Call for Enhanced In Situ Conservation and Utilization" @default.
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