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• W2991178915 abstract "Treatment with checkpoint inhibitors such as anti-programmed death-1 (anti-PD-1), anti-PD-ligand 1 (anti-PD-L1), and anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (anti-CTLA-4) antibodies can prolong the survival of cancer patients, but it also induces autoimmune side effects in 86-96% of patients by activating the immune system. In 17-59% of patients, these are severe or even life-threatening.This review is based on pertinent articles retrieved by a search in PubMed and on an evaluation of a side-effect registry.Checkpoint-inhibitor-induced autoimmune side effects manifest themselves in all organ systems, most commonly as skin lesions (46-62%), autoimmune colitis (22-48%), autoimmune hepatitis (7-33%), and endocrinopathies (thyroiditis, hypophysitis, adrenalitis, diabetes mellitus; 12-34%). Rarer side effects include pneumonitis (3-8%), nephritis (1-7%), cardiac side effects including cardiomyositis (5%), and neurological side effects (1-5%). Severe (sometimes lethal) side effects arise in 17-21%, 20-28%, and 59% of patients undergoing anti-PD-1 and anti- CTLA-4 antibody treatment and the approved combination therapy, respectively. With proper monitoring, however, these side effects can be recognized early and, usually, treated with success. Endocrine side effects generally require long-term hormone substitution. Patients who have stopped taking checkpoint inhibitors because of side effects do not show a poorer response of their melanoma or shorter survival in comparison to patients who continue to take checkpoint inhibitors.The complex management of checkpoint-inhibitor-induced side effects should be coordinated in experienced centers. The creation of an interdisciplinary tox team with designated experts for organ-specific side effects has proven useful. Prospective registry studies based on structured documentation of side effects in routine clinical practice are currently lacking and urgently needed." @default.
• W2991178915 created "2019-12-05" @default.
• W2991178915 creator A5040652983 @default.
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• W2991178915 creator A5048086918 @default.
• W2991178915 creator A5052786402 @default.
• W2991178915 creator A5064923908 @default.
• W2991178915 date "2019-02-22" @default.
• W2991178915 modified "2023-10-16" @default.
• W2991178915 title "Checkpoint Inhibitors" @default.
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