Matches in SemOpenAlex for { <https://semopenalex.org/work/W2992264544> ?p ?o ?g. }
- W2992264544 endingPage "3634" @default.
- W2992264544 startingPage "3615" @default.
- W2992264544 abstract "Abstract Adaptation to a wide range of pathogenic environments is a major aspect of the ecological adaptations of vertebrates during evolution. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are ancient membrane-bound sensors in animals and are best known for their roles in detecting and defense against invading pathogenic microorganisms. To understand the evolutionary history of the vertebrate TLR gene family, we first traced the origin of single-cysteine cluster TLRs that share the same protein architecture with vertebrate TLRs in early-branching animals and then analyzed all members of the TLR family in over 200 species covering all major vertebrate clades. Our results indicate that although the emergence of single-cysteine cluster TLRs predates the separation of bilaterians and cnidarians, most vertebrate TLR members originated shortly after vertebrate emergence. Phylogenetic analyses divided 1,726 vertebrate TLRs into 8 subfamilies, and TLR3 may represent the most ancient subfamily that emerged before the branching of deuterostomes. Our analysis reveals that purifying selection predominated in the evolution of all vertebrate TLRs, with mean dN/dS (ω) values ranging from 0.082 for TLR21 in birds to 0.434 for TLR11 in mammals. However, we did observe patterns of positive selection acting on specific codons (527 of 60,294 codons across all vertebrate TLRs, 8.7‰), which are significantly concentrated in ligand-binding extracellular domains and suggest host–pathogen coevolutionary interactions. Additionally, we found stronger positive selection acting on nonviral compared with viral TLRs, indicating the more essential nonredundant function of viral TLRs in host immunity. Taken together, our findings provide comprehensive insight into the complex evolutionary processes of the vertebrate TLR gene family, involving gene duplication, pseudogenization, purification, and positive selection." @default.
- W2992264544 created "2019-12-13" @default.
- W2992264544 creator A5019269024 @default.
- W2992264544 creator A5022217341 @default.
- W2992264544 creator A5031314983 @default.
- W2992264544 creator A5061078231 @default.
- W2992264544 date "2019-12-04" @default.
- W2992264544 modified "2023-10-12" @default.
- W2992264544 title "Evolutionary History of the Toll-Like Receptor Gene Family across Vertebrates" @default.
- W2992264544 cites W1514540900 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W1519633296 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W1572265772 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W1572615557 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W1964351757 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W1966680360 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W1968143482 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W1968693613 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W1969072247 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W1971378778 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W1972140057 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W1973659410 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W1973705388 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W1987015602 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W1987134040 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W1993211211 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W1994391392 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W1996758006 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2000193670 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2009521410 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2011657487 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2016862474 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2023229656 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2031715612 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2033869585 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2046183549 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2047405437 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2053246453 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2055043387 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2055181323 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2055380429 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2058763701 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2069956133 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2070793039 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2073523429 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2076163815 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2076361525 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2077486035 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2081081160 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2093830674 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2097977090 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2100019645 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2100439192 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2101183221 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2103359799 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2104424691 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2107997395 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2108512869 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2109491705 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2110335151 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2110768898 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2111200149 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2111260918 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2113170881 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2115053475 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2117443107 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2124967403 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2127934565 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2129933858 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2129961630 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2130655121 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2130946949 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2130985618 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2132926880 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2133585817 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2138049915 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2138178197 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2138870543 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2142635246 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2144542340 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2145025818 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2147763501 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2147890509 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2148159716 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2149531726 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2150245487 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2150736048 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2158457748 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2159957100 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2161368479 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2167406239 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2168696662 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2170565120 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2170590585 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2187842183 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2225153589 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2226561648 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2395601328 @default.
- W2992264544 cites W2401667795 @default.