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• W2993641122 abstract "Abstract The purpose of present paper is to describe unique characteristics of ethnographic and case study research. The central difference between ethnography and case study lies in study's intention. Ethnography is inward looking, aiming to uncover tacit knowledge of participants. Case study is outward looking, aiming to delineate nature of phenomena through detailed investigation of individual cases and their contexts. Some practical and theoretical applications of case study research are described. The comparative analysis of ethnography and case study is developed with illustrative examples from education, psychology, and sociology. ********** A recurring theme of student questions in our graduate classes on qualitative research methodologies involves differences between types of qualitative research. We describe ethnography, case study, narrative, phenomenology, and action research as qualitative frameworks that use common data collection methods but are distinguishable according to individual characteristics. Nevertheless, distinction between these qualitative approaches is not so apparent. The most poorly understood term seems to be 'ethnography'. Ogbu, Sato and Kim (1997) attribute confusion and misuse of term 'ethnography' to sudden rise in employment of ethnographic methods as a fad in educational research. Regardless of reason for confusion, most difficult distinction for our students is that between 'ethnography' and 'case study'. Ethnography centers on (but so can a case study); case studies investigate an instance of some phenomenon in depth, in order to shed light on phenomenon (but some ethnographies seem to do this, too). In an ethnographic study, researcher does in-depth investigation of a unit--be it a tribe, a street gang, or a classroom. In a case study, researcher may study one individual, but 'case' may also be a tribe, a street gang, a classroom, or a society. The terms ethnography and case study are used almost interchangeably in many social science research journals. Taft (1997), in fact, discusses ethnography as a case study method (p. 74). In view of confusion between these terms, we will attempt to explore various aspects of ethnography and case study, to elaborate on their boundaries, and to offer a distinction between them. Ethnography Ethnography is defined concisely by Fetterman (1998) as the art and science of describing a group or (p.1). Goetz and LeCompte (1984) say that ethnographies are analytic descriptions or reconstructions of intact cultural scenes and groups ... (that) recreate for reader shared beliefs, practices, artifacts, folk knowledge and behaviors of some group of people (p.2). Ethnography describes behaviors, values, beliefs, and practices of participants in a given cultural setting. However, as Wolcott (1985) writes in his classic article on ethnographic intent, description is not enough to constitute ethnography because Culture is not lying about, waiting patiently to be discovered; rather, it must be inferred from words, and actions of members of group under study ... (p. 192). Ethnography involves cultural analysis. Analyzing a means not simply recounting behaviors and events, but inferring cultural roles that guide behaviors and events. The intention of ethnography is to capture everyday, unwritten laws, conventions and customs that govern behavior of persons and sub-groups within a culture. Patton (1990) sets a more ambitious challenge for ethnography. He claims that an ethnomethodologist needs to elucidate what a complete stranger would have to learn to become a routinely functioning member of a group, a program, or a culture (p. 74). In order to accomplish this goal, Patton argues, researcher should not be satisfied with in-depth interviews and observations but should perform ethnomethodological experiments that violate scene or purposely shake up taken for granted behaviors in that culture, in order to illuminate roles that lie beneath behavior. …" @default.
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• W2993641122 title "Ethnography and Case Study: A Comparative Analysis" @default.
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