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- W2993663621 abstract "In theoretical literature, smuggling is considered as a factor contributing to the deviation of the PPP-based exchange rates from the equilibrium exchange rates with little empirical support. In this paper, we used panel data for 33 developing countries over the period 1982-1995 and used panel unit root and panel cointegration technique along with pooled OLS, fixed effects, random effects, and Parks estimator in an augmented Balassa-Samuelson framework. Using two different proxies for smuggling it is found that smuggling into a country leads to an appreciation of domestic currency that can be considered as another cause of loosing competitiveness by many developing countries." @default.
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- W2993663621 date "2003-01-01" @default.
- W2993663621 modified "2023-10-10" @default.
- W2993663621 title "SMUGGLING AS ANOTHER CAUSE OF FAILURE OF THE PPP" @default.
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