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- W2994606521 abstract "Similar to their sisters, our forefathers were boys nearly devoid of boyhood. - Gilberto Freyre The mammy figure, while a personification of aristocratic ideal of servility, turns up in sociologist Gilberto Freyre's early publications and in several Modernist writings (fiction, poetry, plays, memoirs) as evidence of harmony, or sweetness inherent to relationships between whites and blacks within space of Brazilian patriarchal family. It also suggests healthy, affectionate, and sanitary relations between plantation house and slave quarters. Indeed, as a redeemed version of Belle Epoque (1889-1914) contagious and morally corrupt wet nurse, Modernist memorialized mammy was glorified for her unconditional devotion to her foster white children, as well as for her place of honor in plantation house. In addition to their recurrent association of mammy to values of loyalty, maternal devotion, and religiosity, Modernists would also emphasize her central role in tropicalizing European Portuguese language and folklore. I shall argue that ultimate aim of these strategies is to de-eroticize mammy's contact with aristocratic family and children, and exemplify less threatening, asexual forms of Afro-Brazilian assimilation. It is a known fact, however, that these intellectual and artistic advocates of Afro-Brazilian culture do not always exhibit in their writings a pure and asexual view of relationship between black wet and her white foster son. For instance, Freyre's first allusion to a black nursemaid in Casa-grande e senzah: introducâo a historia da sockdade patriarcal no Brasil (1933) points precisely to impact of that relationship on child's sexuality. According to him, [t]here have been those who have suggested possibility that much of for women of color by family-son in enslaving countries developed from child's relationship with a black wet nurse (343; my emphasis).1 To Freyre, due less to fashion, as was case in Europe, than to necessity, precocious fifteen-year-old mothers, small-bodied and with numerous offspring, required assistance with their mothering from black slave women-women with eugenic qualities (414) than whites for breastfeeding, according to day's medical literature and public opinion up until first half of nineteenth century. In addition to breastfeeding, other duties were transferred to a slave woman, such as child's hygiene, a task, according to Freyre, that was also better performed by than by legitimate white mother. Rigid notions [brought from Europe] about restraint and protection, he argues, as well as superstitious [Portuguese] horror of bath and air [as] harmful to children in a temperate climate, often times meant death in a hot climate (418).2 If on one hand, therefore, Freyre elevates such physical tasks as breastfeeding and child hygiene, emphasizing historical context - child mortality, early motherhood-surrounding black wet nurse's emergence on scene in patriarchal family life, on other, he himself highlights impact of such care, or intimate relationship, on child's sexuality. Freyre thus reinforces bourgeois panic about interracial domestic promiscuity, that is, family-son's sexual penchant for women considered culturally and morally inferior, and what is worse, child's possible identification with values of this social underclass. It is not surprising, then, that Guia medica das mâes de familia, by Doctor J. B. A. Imbert (1843), which Freyre chose to substantiate colonial period's preference for slave wet nurse, nonetheless emphasized the need for family senhoras to supervise [their] black nurses (415). The nation's modernization project, which mobilized various members of urban elites in second half of nineteenth century, would intensify proliferation of regulatory discourses on family and domestic life, such as medical guides similar to Dr. …" @default.
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- W2994606521 date "2008-10-01" @default.
- W2994606521 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
- W2994606521 title "Precocious Boys: Race and Sexual Desire in the Autobiographical Poems of Carlos Drummond De Andrade" @default.
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