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• W2994816410 abstract "In an era when medicine, and the speciality of anaesthesia, was a male-dominated preserve, Katharine Lloyd-Williams stood out as a unique and impressive leader. She was born into a brilliant Welsh family and took up medicine after qualifying initially as a teacher and physiotherapist. A skilled anaesthetist, she published papers and books on obstetric anaesthesia and was an outstanding educationalist (Fig. 1). Katharine Lloyd Williams was born on February 14, 1896 in Nantcwnlle, near Lampeter, UK. She was one of 11 children, all of whom excelled in their chosen fields. Katharine was home educated initially and then at Queen Anne's School, Caversham, Kent, UK as a boarder. She excelled both academically and in sports. In 1915, she left school, having obtained the Senior Oxford Examination. She entered Bedford Physical Training College (BPTC) qualifying in 1917 with a BPTC Diploma and started to teach Physical Education at Newland High School in Hull, UK. Dr Lloyd-Williams, known to her family and friends as Kitty, moved to London in 1919 and started work as a physiotherapist at St Thomas's Hospital. There she looked after soldiers who had been disabled in World War One, in a massage clinic run by Dr James Mennell. In January 1920 she passed her matriculation examination and, aged 24 yr, after advice from the Warden of the London School of Medicine for Women (LSMW), entered that Medical School. Again, she excelled both academically and sportingly. She was interested in all aspects of student life and was secretary of the Student's Union. She won a certificate in physiology in 1924 and passed both Conjoint and University examinations to qualify LRCP, MRCS, MB BS in 1926. Her house jobs were house physician at the Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Hospitals and house surgeon and resident anaesthetist at the Royal Free Hospital. At that same time as beginning anaesthesia, she started in general practice in Gordon Square, Bloomsbury. In 1927 she was appointed as an honorary anaesthetist to the Professorial Obstetrics and Gynaecology Unit of the Royal Free Hospital. In 1929 she was awarded an MD by the University of London. By 1930 she held honorary consultant positions at the Royal Free Hospital, the Princess Louise Hospital in Kensington, the East Ham Memorial Hospital, the Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Hospital, and the Eastman Dental Clinic. In 1934, she published a textbook on obstetric anaesthesia.1Lloyd-Williams K.G. Anaesthesia and analgesia in labour. Edward Arnold & Co, London1934Google Scholar In 1934 Dr Lloyd-Williams was appointed consultant anaesthetist to the Royal Free Hospital. Her only other senior colleague was Dr Stanley Rowbotham, who attended for 1 day a week. In 1936 Dr Lloyd-Williams published a paper on obstetric analgesia in the British Medical Journal (BMJ).2Lloyd-Williams K.G. Some methods of analgesia during labour.BMJ. 1936; 2: 1072-1075Crossref PubMed Scopus (1) Google Scholar In this she bewails that some practitioners still did not provide analgesia in ‘normal labour’ and advocates the use of chloroform in air and nitrous oxide in air or oxygen. The following year, she was contributing to the 105th Annual Meeting of the British Medical Association (BMA) in Belfast. Again, she was referring to obstetric practice when she stated she was convinced of the value of vinyl ether.3Anon One hundred and fifth annual meeting of the British Medical Association. The sections, summary of proceedings.BMJ. 1937; 2: 336Google Scholar Her focus regarding obstetrics continued, as she highlighted the value of spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section later in 1937.4Lloyd-Williams K. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.BMJ. 1937; 2: 826Crossref Scopus (0) Google Scholar She reported that she had used the technique for several years at the Royal Free, and between 1935 and 1937, 120 Caesarean sections had taken place with 44 under spinal anaesthesia and no maternal deaths, cases of paralysis, or meningitis. A 1:2000 solution of light percaine was used with a preliminary injection of ephedrine to combat the decrease in blood pressure. At the beginning of World War Two, her general practice partner decided that she would move to the country, so the practice closed. Dr Lloyd-Williams then focused all her work at the Royal Free Hospital.5Fallon J. The unfrightening Dean. The Sketch, 1956Google Scholar During the war, she was the only consultant anaesthetist at the Royal Free, supported by one registrar and two junior residents except for the one weekly visit by Rowbotham. The hospital was severely damaged by enemy bombs, and there was an extensive loss of beds which caused some to question whether it should be closed; Lloyd-Williams was a prime mover in preventing this. There was reference to this work by several people at the time of her retirement in 1962 when reflections were published in the Royal Free Hospital Journal. One war time resident wrote: ‘Miss Lloyd-Williams was on duty often night after night, for air raid casualties, and she was regularly resident in the hospital several nights each week as Consultant in charge. She was always cheerful and completely unperturbed in difficult circumstances, and always anxious about the welfare of the junior staff. She would know instinctively when one or other was near breaking point, and would march them off for fresh air, a meal in town or her own warm hospitality at her home in Regents Park.’6Anon A war-time resident writes.R Free Hosp J. 1962; : 49Google Scholar In 1947 she reviewed her practice in obstetric anaesthesia at the Royal Free at a symposium in the Royal Society of Medicine (RSM).7Anon Reports of societies.BMJ. 1947; 1: 464Google Scholar In 1945, Dr Lloyd-Williams became Dean of the London School of Medicine for Women having been Vice-Dean the previous year.8Medical committee minute book of the Royal Free Hospital. London Metropolitan Archives, November 14 1945Google Scholar She became a fellow of the RSM in 1945 and in 1946 she was President of the Section of Anaesthetics at the BMA Annual Meeting. The following year she joined the Medical Women's Federation. In 1947 the LSMW became the Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine. Dr Lloyd-Williams remained Dean of that school until her retirement in 1962. In 1947 she was elected to the Council of the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland (AAGBI), the first woman to achieve this role.9Boulton T.B. The Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland 1932–1992 and the development of the specialty of anaesthesia. Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland, London1999: 100Google Scholar In 1948 the new Faculty of Anaesthesia was created within the Royal College of Surgeons of England and Lloyd-Williams was elected to receive an FFARCS. She was immediately elected to the new Board of that Faculty (the only woman member) serving from 1948 to 1953. In this same year, she became a member of the North West Metropolitan Regional Hospital Board, serving until 1962. Dr Lloyd-Williams was not hesitant about speaking her mind about matters to which she held strong views. She was a great advocate for gender equality in medicine. In October 1950, she responded to a BMJ leading article on ‘Women in medicine’10Anon Women in medicine. Leading article.BMJ. 1950; 2: 822-823Crossref PubMed Scopus (1) Google Scholar with the following pertinent concerns. In 1947 all medical schools within the University of London had become co-educational but what was meant by this was left to individual medical schools to decide. Dr Lloyd-Williams felt that the original suggestion of 15% women was probably a reasonable starting point but there was no particular virtue in that number nor that suggested by the Goodenough Committee of 20%. She states that ‘the advantages of co-education are best achieved by parity, with neither sex in an undue minority.’11Lloyd-Williams K. Women in medicine.BMJ. 1950; 2: 887-888Crossref Scopus (1) Google Scholar In 1951, Dr Lloyd-Williams played an important role in the creation of what was to become the World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists (WFSA). The French Society of Anaesthetists invited the AAGBI to a preliminary meeting to discuss the creation of an international society in May 1951. The AAGBI Council was unenthusiastic as all but one of the French Society were surgeons but Lloyd-Williams went to Paris on behalf of AAGBI as she spoke fluent French. Having reported back to Council, she then attended a larger meeting held in London in September 1951 which led to the formation of an Interim Committee led by Harold Griffith from Canada. After careful development the WFSA came into existence in 1955.12Boulton T.B. The Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland 1932–1992 and the development of the specialty of anaesthesia. Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland, London1999: 157-158Google Scholar In 1953 Dr Lloyd-Williams attended the First World Congress on Medical Education held in London under the auspices of the World Medical Association, and spoke about it at the subsequent prize-giving ceremony at her Medical School.13Anon The new academic year; Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine.BMJ. 1953; 2: 828Google Scholar In 1955 she was awarded the William Hyde Award by the Research Board for the Correlation of Medical Science and Physical Education valued at £300 in recognition of her contribution to the education of students and her leadership in promoting their welfare.14Anon Medical news. William Hyde award.BMJ. 1956; 2: 253Google Scholar In the New Year's Honours List of 1956, she was awarded the CBE and later that year she became the President of the Section of Anaesthetics at the RSM. Her presidential address was on ‘The anaesthetist's role in undergraduate training’. She had two ‘rules of practice’ and several further recommendations for that training. The first rule was that the anaesthetist was responsible until the patient was awake and in full control of all reflexes. The second rule was it was vital to check all cylinders and ampoules to be used.15Lloyd-Williams K.G. The anaesthetist’s role in undergraduate training.Proc R Soc Med. 1956; 50: 13-16Google Scholar Her committee work continued to increase but she still maintained her clinical anaesthesia work mainly with obstetrics and gynaecology lists. She was a member of the Board of Governors of the Royal Free Hospital, a visitor for the King Edward VII Hospital Fund, a member of the King's Fund Auxiliary Committee, and a member of the Board of the Royal Medical Benevolent Fund. She was a member of the Governing Body of the Eastman Dental Hospital and a member of the Committee of Management for both the Institute of Dental Surgery and the Institute of Ophthalmology. In addition, she served on the Board of Governors of Moorfields Eye Hospital, the Central Council for District Nursing, and was on the Council of Bedford College, London. Despite all these commitments, she still found time to run a welfare clinic for under-privileged children in South London, a process she found very relaxing.16DCS Congratulations, Madam Dean.LSMW Magazine. 1956; : 11Google Scholar In 1957 she was elected Dean of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of London, the first woman to hold this office, which she held for 3 years.17Anon Lloyd-Williams Katharine R Free J. 1962; : 48Google Scholar As Dean of the Royal Free Medical School, she remained very concerned about student welfare. She felt that it was ‘a matter of constant anxiety that students should have enough time and leisure to get the best out of their time at their university.’18Anon New academic year. Royal Free School of Medicine.BMJ. 1957; 2: 880Google Scholar In 1958 she became President of the Medical Women's Federation, which had been founded in 1917 ‘to advance the personal and professional development of women in medicine, to change discriminatory attitudes and practices, and to work on behalf of patients’. She gave her presidential address in April 1958 at Somerville College, Oxford, on ‘Reflections of a Dean’. She described the challenges of interview selection of both boys and girls aged 17–18 yr coming from school and wishing to be medical students. She was certain that there was no foolproof method of selection, and she was in no doubt that she and colleagues made mistakes. Character, personality, and a desire to take up medicine were paramount.19Lloyd-Williams K.G. Reflections of a dean.J Med Wo Fed. 1958; 40: 158-163Google Scholar In 1959 in her presentation of her annual report at the Royal Free, she noted the plans to rebuild the Royal Free Hospital in Hampstead, starting in 1961, and confirmed that all in the medical school and hospital were agreed that this new site should combine the facilities for under- and post-graduate training.20Anon New academic year. Royal free hospital.BMJ. 1959; 2: 752Crossref Google Scholar She was the prime architect in obtaining the North Western Fever Hospital site for the Royal Free Hospital, without which, it has been speculated, the current Royal Free Hospital and Medical School would not have been built.21Lloyd-Williams Katharine J Med Wo Fed. 1973; 55 (Obituary.): 98-99Google Scholar She travelled to meetings around the world, usually related to education or women in medicine. She spent time in Nigeria, the Philippines, and Vietnam when she found time to visit local hospitals and see sites of interest.17Anon Lloyd-Williams Katharine R Free J. 1962; : 48Google Scholar In 1959, she visited America and Canada attending the 2nd World Congress on Medical Education in Chicago and the 13th General Assembly of the World Medical Association in Montreal. In 1961, she was nominated by the Medical Women's Federation and the BMA as a candidate for the General Medical Council (GMC), and was elected.22Anon General Medical Council election.BMJ Suppl. 1961; : 41PubMed Google Scholar In 1962, Dr Lloyd-Williams retired from the Royal Free Hospital and moved back to her family home in Lampeter. Retirement was relative as she continued to serve as a member of the Governors of the Royal Free Medical School and as a member of the GMC. Lloyd-Williams never married; she was a cultured, charming, and beautiful woman. She was often considered to be a little shy, but she was always happy to express an opinion. She collected art and played violin and piano. She was an enthusiastic gardener and loved travelling and walking (Gilchrist E, personal communication). In her later years her eyesight started to fail, but she remained cheerful and active. Dr Lloyd-Williams died on January 10, 1973, aged 76 yr, at Faro Hospital in the Algarve, Portugal, after an emergency admission. She had a private funeral in Faro and was buried in the local cemetery. As is the ‘routine’ in Faro, her gravestone was removed after 25 yr so there is no memorial to her there now (Faro Cemetery, Portugal, telephone communication). A service of remembrance was held on March 22, 1973 at the Church of Christ the King, Gordon Square, London, at which Ruth Bowden, professor of anatomy at the Royal Free Hospital Medical School, gave an address. She said, ‘We remember someone in whom there was a true marriage between high qualities of mind and heart. Her services to her patients and colleagues were as tireless and constructive as she herself was genuine, modest and generous. She died suddenly yet peacefully having earned the most moving tribute paid by King David to his friends “they were lovely and pleasant in their lives”’.23Bowden R. Address delivered at the memorial service held on 22 March 1973 for Katharine Georgina Lloyd-Williams CBE. Royal Free Hosp Arch A., 1674.73.Google Scholar There were major obituaries in the BMJ,24Obituary. Katharine G Lloyd-Williams. BMJ 1973; 1: 179.Google Scholar the Lancet,25Anon Obituary: Katharine Georgina Lloyd-Williams.Lancet. 1973; 1: 160-161PubMed Google Scholar and The Times.26Anon Obituary: Katharine Lloyd-Williams.The Times Newspaper. 13 January 1973; : 16Google Scholar The author has no conflicts of interest to declare. The author thanks the late Dr Edith Gilchrist for her considerable help in the early research for this paper and to Victoria Rea, Archivist, Royal Free Archive Centre. He is also grateful for the help provided by Marjorie Semmens, Kimberly Murrell, and Kerenza Davis from the Medical Women's Federation; Paola Stillone and Sue Adams, Information Support Services Team of Royal Free Hospital Medical Library; Katy Tanner, Moreton School; Daniel Talbot, Head of History, and Claire Elmer, Queen Anne's School, Caversham; Barry Stephenson, Local Studies Librarian, Bedfordshire Libraries and Louise Harrison, London Metropolitan Archives; and Trish Willis and Sophie Johnson, Association of Anaesthetists Heritage Centre." @default.
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• W2994816410 title "Katharine Georgina Lloyd-Williams, CBE (1896–1973): an inspirational anaesthesia role model" @default.
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