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• W2999701168 abstract "Adolescents detained within the criminal justice system are affected by complex health problems, health-risk behaviours, and high rates of premature death. We did a global synthesis of the evidence regarding the health of this population. We searched Embase, PsycINFO, Education Resources Information Center, PubMed, Web of Science, CINCH, Global Health, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, the Campbell Library, the National Criminal Justice Reference System Abstract Database, and Google Scholar for peer-reviewed journal articles, including reviews, that reported the prevalence of at least one health outcome (physical, mental, sexual, infectious, and neurocognitive) in adolescents (aged <20 years) in detention, and were published between Jan 1, 1980, and June 30, 2018. The reference lists of published review articles were scrutinised for additional relevant publications. Two reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts, and three reviewed full texts of relevant articles. The protocol for this Review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42016041392). 245 articles (204 primary research articles and 41 reviews) were included, with most primary research (183 [90%]) done in high-income countries. A high lifetime prevalence of health problems, risks, and conditions was reported in detained adolescents, including mental disorders (0–95%), substance use disorders (22–96%), self-harm (12–65%), neurodevelopmental disabilities (2–47%), infectious diseases (0–34%), and sexual and reproductive conditions (pregnant by age 19 years 20–37%; abnormal cervical screening test result 16%). Various physical and mental health problems and health-risk behaviours are more common among adolescents in detention than among their peers who have not been detained. As the social and structural drivers of poor health overlap somewhat with factors associated with exposure to the criminal justice system, strategies to address these factors could help to reduce both rates of adolescent detention and adolescent health inequalities. Improving the detection of mental and physical disorders, providing appropriate interventions during detention, and optimising transitional health care after release from detention could improve the health outcomes of these vulnerable young people. Adolescents detained within the criminal justice system are affected by complex health problems, health-risk behaviours, and high rates of premature death. We did a global synthesis of the evidence regarding the health of this population. We searched Embase, PsycINFO, Education Resources Information Center, PubMed, Web of Science, CINCH, Global Health, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, the Campbell Library, the National Criminal Justice Reference System Abstract Database, and Google Scholar for peer-reviewed journal articles, including reviews, that reported the prevalence of at least one health outcome (physical, mental, sexual, infectious, and neurocognitive) in adolescents (aged <20 years) in detention, and were published between Jan 1, 1980, and June 30, 2018. The reference lists of published review articles were scrutinised for additional relevant publications. Two reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts, and three reviewed full texts of relevant articles. The protocol for this Review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42016041392). 245 articles (204 primary research articles and 41 reviews) were included, with most primary research (183 [90%]) done in high-income countries. A high lifetime prevalence of health problems, risks, and conditions was reported in detained adolescents, including mental disorders (0–95%), substance use disorders (22–96%), self-harm (12–65%), neurodevelopmental disabilities (2–47%), infectious diseases (0–34%), and sexual and reproductive conditions (pregnant by age 19 years 20–37%; abnormal cervical screening test result 16%). Various physical and mental health problems and health-risk behaviours are more common among adolescents in detention than among their peers who have not been detained. As the social and structural drivers of poor health overlap somewhat with factors associated with exposure to the criminal justice system, strategies to address these factors could help to reduce both rates of adolescent detention and adolescent health inequalities. Improving the detection of mental and physical disorders, providing appropriate interventions during detention, and optimising transitional health care after release from detention could improve the health outcomes of these vulnerable young people. The life trajectories of many adolescents detained within the criminal justice system are characterised by entrenched disadvantage, instability, abuse, neglect, poor education, and poverty.1Golzari M Hunt SJ Anoshiravani A The health status of youth in juvenile detention facilities.J Adolesc Health. 2006; 38: 776-782Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (105) Google Scholar, 2Barnert ES Perry R Morris RE Juvenile incarceration and health.Acad Pediatr. 2016; 16: 99-109Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (26) Google Scholar, 3Hughes N Ungar M Fagan A et al.Health determinants of adolescent criminalisation.Lancet Child Adol Health. 2020; (published online Jan 16)https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(19)30347-5Summary Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (1) Google Scholar These social and structural drivers of detention overlap to a large degree with the determinants of early disease morbidity and mortality. Growing evidence suggests that adolescents who have been in detention die at a rate that is five to 41 times higher than that of their age-matched and sex-matched peers, most often from drug overdose, suicide, injury, or violence.4Teplin LA Jakubowski JA Abram KM Olson ND Stokes ML Welty LJ Firearm homicide and other causes of death in delinquents: a 16-year prospective study.Pediatrics. 2014; 134: 63-73Crossref PubMed Scopus (25) Google Scholar, 5Kinner SA Degenhardt L Coffey C et al.Substance use and risk of death in young offenders: a prospective data linkage study.Drug Alcohol Rev. 2015; 34: 46-50Crossref PubMed Google Scholar, 6Coffey C Veit F Wolfe R Cini E Patton GC Mortality in young offenders: retrospective cohort study.BMJ. 2003; 3261064Crossref PubMed Google Scholar, 7Coffey C Wolfe R Lovett AW Moran P Cini E Patton GC Predicting death in young offenders: a retrospective cohort study.Med J Aust. 2004; 181: 473-477Crossref PubMed Google Scholar Many detained adolescents also have complex, co-occurring health conditions, such as mental disorder8Eme RF Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and the juvenile justice system.J Forensic Psychol Pract. 2008; 8: 174-185Crossref Scopus (10) Google Scholar, 9Fazel S Doll H Långström N Mental disorders among adolescents in juvenile detention and correctional facilities: a systematic review and metaregression analysis of 25 surveys.J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008; 47: 1010-1019Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar (including self-harm,10Borschmann R Coffey C Moran P et al.Self-harm in young offenders.Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2014; 44: 641-652Crossref PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar suicidal behaviour,11Hawton K Linsell L Adeniji T Sariaslan A Fazel S Self-harm in prisons in England and Wales: an epidemiological study of prevalence, risk factors, clustering, and subsequent suicide.Lancet. 2014; 383: 1147-1154Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (124) Google Scholar and substance dependence),12Mulvey EP Schubert CA Piquero A Pathways to desistance - final technical report.https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/244689.pdfDate: January, 2014Google Scholar cognitive dysfunction and learning difficulties,13Hughes N Williams WH Chitsabesan P Walesby RC Mounce LT Clasby B The prevalence of traumatic brain injury among young offenders in custody: a systematic review.J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2015; 30: 94-105Crossref PubMed Scopus (39) Google Scholar non-communicable diseases (eg, asthma),14Feinstein RA Lampkin A Lorish CD Klerman LV Maisiak R Oh MK Medical status of adolescents at time of admission to a juvenile detention center.J Adolesc Health. 1998; 22: 190-196Summary Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (82) Google Scholar and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and blood-borne viral infections.15Kinner SA Snow K Wirtz AL Altice FL Beyrer C Dolan K Age-specific global prevalence of hepatitis B, hepatitis C, HIV, and tuberculosis among incarcerated people: a systematic review.J Adolesc Health. 2018; 62: S18-S26Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar Many individuals under-utilise primary and preventive care in the community,16Abram KM Paskar LD Washburn JJ Teplin LA Perceived barriers to mental health services among youths in detention.J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008; 47: 301-308Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (49) Google Scholar such that detention often represents the first meaningful opportunity to identify their physical and mental health needs and to initiate appropriate health care. Effective care planning and coordination requires an understanding of the prevalence and co-occurrence of health problems, but global evidence regarding the health of detained adolescents has never been fully synthesised. Previous reviews have focused on one health condition (eg, mental disorder)8Eme RF Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and the juvenile justice system.J Forensic Psychol Pract. 2008; 8: 174-185Crossref Scopus (10) Google Scholar, 9Fazel S Doll H Långström N Mental disorders among adolescents in juvenile detention and correctional facilities: a systematic review and metaregression analysis of 25 surveys.J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008; 47: 1010-1019Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar or synthesised evidence across health domains for one country.1Golzari M Hunt SJ Anoshiravani A The health status of youth in juvenile detention facilities.J Adolesc Health. 2006; 38: 776-782Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (105) Google Scholar The most comprehensive review of detained adolescents1Golzari M Hunt SJ Anoshiravani A The health status of youth in juvenile detention facilities.J Adolesc Health. 2006; 38: 776-782Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (105) Google Scholar focused solely on US studies and was published more than a decade ago. In addition to documenting markedly elevated rates of morbidity and mortality among this population, the authors identified a high prevalence of health-compromising behaviours, and a distinct lack of familial and community supports to facilitate reintegration into the community after release from detention.1Golzari M Hunt SJ Anoshiravani A The health status of youth in juvenile detention facilities.J Adolesc Health. 2006; 38: 776-782Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (105) Google Scholar There remains a pressing need to synthesise the findings of studies done in other settings.17Kinner SA Young JT Understanding and improving the health of people who experience incarceration: an overview and synthesis.Epidemiol Rev. 2018; 40: 4-11Crossref PubMed Scopus (15) Google Scholar In this global Scoping Review, we aimed to synthesise the evidence regarding the health of adolescents detained within the criminal justice system in any country. This included both youth and adult criminal justice systems, provided that the age criterion was met. We conducted a systematic search to identify literature on the health of detained adolescents. Our Scoping Review was done in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines.18Tricco AC Lillie E Zarin W et al.PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation.Ann Intern Med. 2018; 169: 467-473Crossref PubMed Scopus (700) Google Scholar The protocol was registered with the PROSPERO (number CRD42016041392) before the review was done. We searched 11 electronic databases: Embase, PsycINFO, Education Resources Information Center, PubMed, Web of Science, CINCH, Global Health, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, the Campbell Library, the National Criminal Justice Reference System Abstract Database, and Google Scholar. We used variants and combinations of search terms relating to custody or detention under the criminal justice system and physical, mental, sexual, infectious, and neurocognitive health conditions (appendix pp 1–4). All databases were searched on March 1, 2017, for entries from Jan 1, 1980, to Feb 28, 2017, and the search was updated on July 1, 2018, by a rapid review for entries to June 30, 2018. We scrutinised the reference lists of published review articles to locate additional relevant publications not identified during the database searches. We also corresponded with experts in the field to identify additional publications. Publication format was limited to peer-reviewed journal articles (as a filter for quality resulting from the peer-review process), including all types of review publications (narrative, systematic, and meta-analysis). The rationale for including previous reviews was that scoping reviews are designed to identify key themes and trends in the literature,19Colquhoun HL Levac D O'Brien KK et al.Scoping reviews: time for clarity in definition, methods, and reporting.J Clin Epidemiol. 2014; 67: 1291-1294Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (536) Google Scholar as opposed to extracting data for meta-analysis, and previous reviews are valuable sources of such themes. We included publications from any country and in any language. Publications were deemed eligible for inclusion if participants had been detained within the criminal justice system. Because not all countries have separate youth and adult criminal justice systems and the age cutoff between youth and adult detention varies between countries, publications relating to adolescents (aged <20 years, as defined by the UN20UNESCOWorld Congress on Youth (Barcelona, Spain, 8–15 July 1985)—final report.http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0006/000684/068409eb.pdfDate accessed: February 22, 2019Google Scholar and used in a previous large review)9Fazel S Doll H Långström N Mental disorders among adolescents in juvenile detention and correctional facilities: a systematic review and metaregression analysis of 25 surveys.J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008; 47: 1010-1019Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar incarcerated in adult correctional institutions were included, if findings were appropriately disaggregated by age. Only publications in which all participants were younger than 20 years of age at the time they were detained, and which reported the prevalence of at least one health outcome, were eligible for inclusion. Studies were excluded if they reported on health outcomes in selected samples only (eg, adolescents detained in psychiatric hospitals or those referred to health care). We also excluded studies that reported knowledge of health-risk behaviours or intention to engage in health-protective behaviours (eg, condom use) but did not report on an actual health outcome. Search results were imported into EndNote X8 reference management software and duplicates were deleted. Title and abstract screening was done independently by two researchers (including EJ). Full-text reviews of the remaining publications were then done independently by three researchers (including EJ and CP) and reference lists of potentially relevant publications were manually searched. Uncertainty regarding whether publications met the inclusion criteria was resolved through discussion among the three researchers. In instances when the full text of potentially relevant publications could not be located, two attempts were made to contact the author(s) via email to request a copy. The Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Prevalence Studies21The Joanna Briggs InstituteThe Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools for use in JBI systematic reviews: checklist for prevalence studies.https://joannabriggs.org/sites/default/files/2019-05/JBI_Critical_Appraisal-Checklist_for_Prevalence_Studies2017_0.pdfDate: 2017Date accessed: September 10, 2019Google Scholar was used to assess the methodological quality of all primary research publications by evaluating the extent to which they addressed the possibility of bias in nine areas of study design, conduct, and analysis. Each of the nine domains received a score from 0 (poor quality) to 2 (high quality), and a total quality score was calculated by summing the individual domain scores. Total scores ranged from 0 to 18, with higher scores indicating higher quality. Studies with a total score of less than 13 were excluded. Four researchers (EJ, CP, MW, AL) independently assessed each included publication and any uncertainty regarding the quality of publications was resolved through discussion among them." @default.
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• W2999701168 title "The health of adolescents in detention: a global scoping review" @default.
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