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• W3007489980 abstract "Orthonectida is a small, rare, and in many aspects enigmatic group of organisms with a unique life cycle and a highly simplified adult free-living stage parasitizing various marine invertebrates [1Kozloff E.N. The genera of the phylum Orthonectida.Cah. Biol. Mar. 1992; 33: 377-406Google Scholar, 2Sliusarev G.S. [Phylum Orthonectida: morphology, biology, and relationships to other multicellular animals].Zh. Obshch. Biol. 2008; 69: 403-427PubMed Google Scholar]. Phylogenetic relationships of Orthonectida have remained controversial for a long time. According to recent data, they are close to Annelida, specifically to Clitellata [3Schiffer P.H. Robertson H.E. Telford M.J. Orthonectids are highly degenerate annelid worms.Curr. Biol. 2018; 28: 1970-1974.e3Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (22) Google Scholar, 4Bondarenko N. Bondarenko A. Starunov V. Slyusarev G. Comparative analysis of the mitochondrial genomes of Orthonectida: insights into the evolution of an invertebrate parasite species.Mol. Genet. Genomics. 2019; 294: 715-727Crossref PubMed Scopus (13) Google Scholar, 5Zverkov O.A. Mikhailov K.V. Isaev S.V. Rusin L.Y. Popova O.V. Logacheva M.D. Penin A.A. Moroz L.L. Panchin Y.V. Lyubetsky V.A. Aleoshin V.V. Dicyemida and Orthonectida: two stories of body plan simplification.Front. Genet. 2019; 10: 443Crossref PubMed Scopus (26) Google Scholar]. Several studies have shown that parasitism can not only lead to a dramatic reduction of the body plan and morphological structures but also affect organisms at the genomic level [6Burke M. Scholl E.H. Bird D.M. Schaff J.E. Coleman S.D. Crowell R. Diener S. Gordon O. Graham S. Wang X. et al.The plant parasite Pratylenchus coffeae carries a minimal nematode genome.Nematology. 2015; 17: 621-637Crossref Scopus (36) Google Scholar, 7Wang J. Gao S. Mostovoy Y. Kang Y. Zagoskin M. Sun Y. Zhang B. White L.K. Easton A. Nutman T.B. et al.Comparative genome analysis of programmed DNA elimination in nematodes.Genome Res. 2017; 27: 2001-2014Crossref PubMed Scopus (56) Google Scholar]. Comparative studies of parasites and closely related non-parasitic species could clarify the genome reduction degree and evolution of parasitism. Here, we report on the morphology, genome structure, and content of the smallest known Orthonectida species Intoshia variabili, inhabiting the flatworm Graffiellus croceus. This orthonectid with an extremely simplified nervous system demonstrates the smallest known genome (15.3 Mbp) and one of the lowest reported so far gene numbers (5,120 protein-coding genes) among metazoans. The genome is extremely compact, due to a significant reduction of gene number, intergenic regions, intron length, and repetitive elements. The small genome size is probably a result of extreme genome reduction due to their parasitic lifestyle, as well as of simplification and miniaturization of the free-living stages. Our data could provide further insights into the evolution of parasitism and could help to define a minimal bilaterian gene set." @default.
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• W3007489980 date "2020-04-01" @default.
• W3007489980 modified "2023-10-18" @default.
• W3007489980 title "Extreme Genome and Nervous System Streamlining in the Invertebrate Parasite Intoshia variabili" @default.
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• W3007489980 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2020.01.061" @default.
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