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• W3012936498 endingPage "2920" @default.
• W3012936498 startingPage "2887" @default.
• W3012936498 abstract "Modern research into carcinogenesis has undergone three phases. Surgeons and pathologists started the first phase roughly 250 years ago, establishing morphological traits of tumors for pathologic diagnosis, and setting immortality and autonomy as indispensable criteria for neoplasms. A century ago, medical doctors, biologists and chemists started to enhance experimental cancer research by establishing many animal models of chemical-induced carcinogenesis for studies of cellular mechanisms. In this second phase, the two-hit theory and stepwise carcinogenesis of initiation-promotion or initiation-promotion-progression were established, with an illustrious finding that outgrowths induced in animals depend on the inducers, and thus are not authentically neoplastic, until late stages. The last 40 years are the third incarnation, molecular biologists have gradually dominated the carcinogenesis research fraternity and have established numerous genetically-modified animal models of carcinogenesis. However, evidence has not been provided for immortality and autonomy of the lesions from most of these models. Probably, many lesions had already been collected from animals for analyses of molecular mechanisms of cancer before the lesions became autonomous. We herein review the monumental work of many predecessors to reinforce that evidence for immortality and autonomy is essential for confirming a neoplastic nature. We extrapolate that immortality and autonomy are established early during sporadic human carcinogenesis, unlike the late establishment in most animal models. It is imperative to resume many forerunners' work by determining the genetic bases for initiation, promotion and progression, the genetic bases for immortality and autonomy, and which animal models are, in fact, good for identifying such genetic bases." @default.
• W3012936498 created "2020-03-27" @default.
• W3012936498 creator A5008032475 @default.
• W3012936498 creator A5031716091 @default.
• W3012936498 creator A5032000915 @default.
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• W3012936498 creator A5052017097 @default.
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• W3012936498 creator A5084666411 @default.
• W3012936498 creator A5085186302 @default.
• W3012936498 creator A5091117089 @default.
• W3012936498 date "2020-01-01" @default.
• W3012936498 modified "2023-10-14" @default.
• W3012936498 title "Evidence for immortality and autonomy in animal cancer models is often not provided, which causes confusion on key issues of cancer biology" @default.
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