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- W301391092 abstract "ACCORDING TO DON MITCHELL, whereas past theories of culture emphasized time, new cultural theory, as it is developing geography, cultural studies, and many allied disciplines, stresses space, understanding culture to be constituted through space. (1) Cultural geographers, often reading places as texts, analyze people interpret and use spaces and places to shape their cultural identities. As Mike Crang explains Cultural Geography, because a place, such as a built structure, may have several contested cultural meanings--one promoted by state and one or more alternative meanings--cultural geographers read how and meaning are written onto places, or how sites acquire meanings. In fact, Tim Cresswell describes the new cultural geography as emphasizing the active constitution of places through cultural struggle, and argues that places, like texts, are subject to multiple readings, pitting ideologically dominant readings against resistant readings. (2) Since 1970s, geographers such as Yi-Fu Tuan have studied literary representations of place. (3) And since 1980s literary scholars, including Richard Helgerson, Steven Mullaney, and Jean E. Howard, have interpreted connections between places and textual practices early modern England. In Forms of Nationhood, for instance, Helgerson has analyzed development of a chorographically shaped consciousness of national power early modern literature. He writes that sixteenth- and seventeenth-century English chorographers, likewise concerned with place rather than with time, surveyed or described land maps, prose, or poetry. This paradigm shift from chronological history, devoted to monarchs, to chorography, devoted to land--counties, cities, towns, villages, manors, and wards as well as particular properties, buildings, and institutions--liberated subjects to consider England independently of monarchy. Describing land simultaneously increased land's significance and decreased royal authority over land and English subjects; consequently, other representations that privileged land over monarch emerged alongside nationalism and individualism, in dialectical opposition to royal absolutism. (4) One built structure and royal castle, Tower of London, to which Crown had assigned a particularly rigid dominant reading, epitomizes this phenomenon. Among Tower's many functions early modern England, it was a royal prison, and while some Tower prisoners, such as Henry Wriothesley, third Earl of Southampton, lived there relative comfort, many others, especially Elizabethan recusants, endured extreme hardship and torture. (5) Sixteenth-century English monarchs, both protestant and Catholic, imprisoned religious dissenters Tower and located events there, from religious services to executions, to assert their spiritual dominance. For John Frith, Thomas More, John Fisher, Anne Askew, Hugh Latimer, Thomas Cranmer, Nicholas Ridley, Princess Elizabeth, John Stubbs, Edmund Campion, John Gerard, and many others, Tower stood as an icon of royal authority to punish those who opposed national religion. Royal proclamations and other government documents attest to Crown's representing Tower as a symbol of monarchical over disobedient subjects, especially heretics. This and other royal uses of castle comprised dominant reading of Tower: that it signified royal authority (Tower, 54-62). However, Tower actually encompassed multiple and complex meanings within early modern English culture, meanings that evolved with cultural changes and fluctuated with predispositions, memories, and experiences of individuals who represented it and received those representations, all of which make early modern Tower a crucial site to historicize. Although castle had served as a prison and, at times, a location of royal oppression since its construction late eleventh century, its reputation as a site of terror developed when Henry VIII and his descendants extensively used Tower to imprison and torture heretics and execute others convicted of treason (Tower, 42-53). …" @default.
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- W301391092 date "2010-09-22" @default.
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- W301391092 title "Locating Lady Jane Grey: The Tower of London in Michael Drayton's Englands Heroicall Epistles" @default.
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