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• W3013940303 endingPage "103505" @default.
• W3013940303 startingPage "103505" @default.
• W3013940303 abstract "The Huangyangshan graphite deposit in the East Junggar Orogen (China) contains intriguing graphite orbicules. This contribution is designed to present reasonably comprehensive assessment of their origin. In this deposit, the intrusive orebodies are mechanically juxtaposed against contacts with granitic wall rocks. The orbicules are typically concentrically zoned in texture with a notable binary configuration involving a central core and an outer shell. The orbicule cores possess mineralogical and compositional variations that are more or less similar to those of the granitic wall rocks. The orbicule shells are composed of various ferromagnesian minerals (clinopyroxene + hornblende) in stark contrast to the matrix, where hornblende, sanidine and albite have higher Mg#, Ab and An values, respectively. The replacement of silicates by graphite and sulfides (pyrrhotite + chalcopyrite + pyrite) is common. The graphite throughout the matrix and orbicules features a patchy distribution of major elements (C) and dispersed elements (Cr, Ni, Co, S, Cu, Zn, As, Pb, etc.). The carbon isotopic compositions of the orbicular ore are −20.9 to −20.5‰, analogous to those of the surrounding strata, i.e., −25.6 to −19.3‰. The sulfur isotopic compositions of sulfides in the orbicular ore are −4.8 to −2.6‰, which differ from those of the surrounding strata, i.e., 16.0–23.0‰. Fluid inclusions principally comprise the volatile component CH4 and solid daughter minerals (graphite + chalcopyrite) with Tm > 450 °C. Vapor-liquid two-phase fluid inclusions formed under conditions of Th = 143.6–367.5 °C, P = 3–194 bar, and fO2 = −52.76 to −31.15. The hydrogen and oxygen isotopic values of the orbicular ore are δD = −110.3 to −107.0‰ and δ18Owater = 10.1–11.7‰. Zircons from the orbicular ore have 206Pb/238U ages of 304–359 Ma, with a weighted average of 319.0 ± 6.4 Ma, overlapping the geochronological age of the granitic host rocks (305.1–321.4 Ma). The orbicular ore has SiO2 concentrations ranging from 53.30 to 72.61 wt%, falling within the compositional fields of granite, quartz monzonite, granodiorite, diorite, and monzodiorite in the TAS classification diagram. The Sr-Nd and Hf isotopic data from the orbicular ore indicate mixing between materials derived from the depleted mantle and materials derived from the crust, with a dominant mantle contribution. The petrographic, geochemical, isotopic and fluid inclusion characteristics indicate that the processes of incorporation of H2O and wall rock fragments, liquid immiscibility and exsolution of a late magmatic fluid were responsible for orbicule formation in the Huangyangshan deposit. The following genetic model is proposed: (1) In the late Carboniferous, a new orbicular magma containing organic matter-derived CH4 and deep-mantle SO2 emplaced within the Huangyangshan pluton. Contemporaneously, crystal fragments and H2O were incorporated into the orbicular magma from the granitic host rocks. (2) H2O saturation was reached in the orbicular magma and fostered segregation of a hydrous ferromagnesian melt (orbicules) with a silicic residual melt (matrix). (3) At approximately 630 °C, 2000 bar and −18 lgfO2, graphite and sulfides formed en masse through deuteric alteration: 3CH4 + 2SO2 + 2(Fe2+)7[Si4O11]2(OH)2 (hornblende) = 3C (graphite) + 2FeS (pyrrhotite) + 8SiO2 (quartz) + 2(Fe3Si4O10(OH)2 + Fe3(OH)6) (chlorite), following the expulsion of a late magmatic fluid from the ferromagnesian melt." @default.
• W3013940303 created "2020-04-03" @default.
• W3013940303 creator A5052488870 @default.
• W3013940303 creator A5067921674 @default.
• W3013940303 creator A5084040406 @default.
• W3013940303 creator A5089445811 @default.
• W3013940303 date "2020-07-01" @default.
• W3013940303 modified "2023-10-15" @default.
• W3013940303 title "Genesis of the graphite orbicules in the Huangyangshan graphite deposit, Xinjiang, China: Evidence from geochemical, isotopic and fluid inclusion data" @default.
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