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• W3014847810 endingPage "393" @default.
• W3014847810 startingPage "379" @default.
• W3014847810 abstract "Antibodies are major players in adaptive immunity. They participate in immune defense and have potent immunomodulatory potential. Antibody molecules have two functional centers: they bridge specific antigen recognition through the antigen-binding site with the interaction and activation of innate immune receptors via their constant regions. These integrated interactions are essential for classical antibody functions. Antibodies can utilize alternative or noncanonical strategies for broadening their functional competency. Thus, antibodies perform atypical activities by acquiring the typical functions of cytokines, chaperones, transporters, enzymes, etc. The noncanonical functions of antibodies contribute to immune defense and the maintenance of physiological homeostasis. Many of these activities are operational in healthy individuals. Others appear only as a result of immunopathology. The noncanonical functions of antibodies arise as a result of the enormous diversity of adaptive immune repertoires and microevolutionary selection of B cells. They provide a rich source of potential therapeutic modalities. The typical functions of antibodies are based on linking the process of antigen recognition with initiation of innate immune reactions. With the introduction of modern research technologies and the use of sophisticated model systems, recent years have witnessed the discovery of a number of noncanonical functions of antibodies. These functions encompass either untypical strategies for neutralization of pathogens or exertion of activities that are characteristic for other proteins (cytokines, chaperones, or enzymes). Here, we provide an overview of the noncanonical functions of antibodies and discuss their mechanisms and implications in immune regulation and defense. A better comprehension of these functions will enrich our knowledge of the adaptive immune response and shall inspire the development of novel therapeutics. The typical functions of antibodies are based on linking the process of antigen recognition with initiation of innate immune reactions. With the introduction of modern research technologies and the use of sophisticated model systems, recent years have witnessed the discovery of a number of noncanonical functions of antibodies. These functions encompass either untypical strategies for neutralization of pathogens or exertion of activities that are characteristic for other proteins (cytokines, chaperones, or enzymes). Here, we provide an overview of the noncanonical functions of antibodies and discuss their mechanisms and implications in immune regulation and defense. A better comprehension of these functions will enrich our knowledge of the adaptive immune response and shall inspire the development of novel therapeutics. process of introducing mutations in antibody variable regions and clonal selection of B cells; results in gradual increase of antigen binding affinity in antibodies. process of formation of aggregates of particulate matter. induction of cell death by the release of cytotoxic substances, granzymes, and perforin, through antibody-mediated recognition of antigen on target cell and Fc-receptors on effector cell. induction of phagocytosis, through antibody-mediated recognition of antigen cell and Fc-receptors on the effector cell. population of B cells in mice that do not need T cell help to proliferate and produce antibodies. conventional B cells that usually need T cell help for antibody secretion. one of the recognition components of complement; recognizes the constant portion of IgG and IgM antibodies. The C1q, C1r, and C1s complex triggers the classical complement pathway. induction of cell death by activation of complement on cellular surface and the formation of pores in the membrane. set of plasma and membrane-expressed proteins with essential roles in pathogen defense and maintenance of tissue homeostasis. three surface-exposed loops connecting β-sheets structure of variable domains of immunoglobulin; the focal points of sequence diversity in an antibody. (of immunoglobulin); characterized by low variability. Recognition by specific receptors can elicit various biological reactions; defines the isotype of heavy or light chain. receptor protein that binds carbohydrates; can mediate reverse transcytosis of glycosylated sIgA in complex with antigen. release of biologically active substance from preformed vesicles in specialized cell types: basophils and mast cells. fragment antigen binding; portion of the immunoglobulin that consists of the entire light chain and a part of the heavy chain (variable and first constant domain). Fab contains the antigen-binding site of the antibody. class of receptors expressed on immune and nonimmune cells; recognize the constant portion of immunoglobulins. low affinity receptor for Fc portion of IgG associated with intracellular inhibitory signaling motif (ITIM). part of the immunoglobulin; consists of one variable domain and three (or four) constant domains. Defines the class of immunoglobulin. important component of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. specialized epithelial cells of lymphoid tissue in intestinal mucosae; contribute to transport of antigens through the intestinal epithelium. community of all microorganisms inhabiting and interacting with a multicellular organism. process of coating pathogens with antibodies and complement fragments, facilitating their recognition and elimination. damage of biological system (cell, microorganism) surrounded by membrane, caused by severe perturbations in the ionic equilibrium. catalytic hydrolysis of the peptide bond of proteins. regulatory mechanism depending on bacterial density; mediated through signaling by extracellular substances; affects gene expression of bacteria, controlling biofilm formation, motility, virulence, and other bacterial processes. severe inflammatory reaction usually triggered by bacteria; generally characterized by low survival. random mutations in variable domains of immunoglobulins introduced during affinity maturation. immune reaction resulting in stimulating the B cell production of antibodies, orchestrated by T cells. inflammatory reaction triggered by binding of some bacterial products (e.g., lipoteichoic acid) to Toll-like receptor 2. cytosolic Fc receptor binding to IgG. The interaction of TRIM21 directs the complex antigen–antibody to the ubiquitin proteasome degradation pathway. broad group of cytokines with essential roles in antiviral defense; can contribute to some immunopathologies. N terminus of immunoglobulin heavy and light chain; characterized by high sequence variability between different molecules. Variable regions of heavy and light immunoglobulin chains define the antigen-binding site." @default.
• W3014847810 created "2020-04-10" @default.
• W3014847810 creator A5015455280 @default.
• W3014847810 creator A5075831793 @default.
• W3014847810 date "2020-05-01" @default.
• W3014847810 modified "2023-10-07" @default.
• W3014847810 title "Noncanonical Functions of Antibodies" @default.
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• W3014847810 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2020.03.006" @default.
• W3014847810 hasPubMedId "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32273170" @default.
• W3014847810 hasPublicationYear "2020" @default.

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