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- W3021066039 abstract "In most industrialized countries, there is a spectrum of R&D activities, one which spans the field from basic research to development for problem-solving. The research end is characterized by long-term exploration of scientific possibilities with high risk in the market place and the development end by low risk, short-term satisfaction of urgent needs. In between those extremes, there are other R&D activities to assure the continuity that is the requisite for an effective industrial R&D system in a highly competitive market. Without supporting the theory of an innovation chain, there is much evidence of the importance of medium risk, medium-term R&D with mixed incentives. Innovations and technology transfer, emanating from basic or applied research, are likely to suffer unless there is a middle level of research activity, which constitutes an intermediary between the internationally open basic research society and the closed groups of development in individual companies. Because of the historical, political and /or organizational reasons, middle level research is performed by various actors in different countries. Where the universities work under liberal regulations, as in the United States, academic research can be extended to cover middle-level research on an industry-sponsored basis." @default.
- W3021066039 created "2020-05-13" @default.
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- W3021066039 date "1984-01-01" @default.
- W3021066039 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
- W3021066039 title "Overview of Policy Issues: Panel Report on the Role of Middle-Level Research in the R&D Systems" @default.
- W3021066039 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-030987-3.50023-1" @default.
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