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• W3022013145 abstract "Petroleum geology is concerned with the study of fluids, primarily oil, gas, and water.Two types of subsurface waters are recognized: free water and interstitial or irreducible water. Subsurface waters are analyzed for formation water resistivity, and salinity. Four types of subsurface water can be defined according to their genesis: juvenile, meteroric, connate, and mixed.Subsurface waters contain varying concentrations of inorganic salts together with traces of organic compounds, including hydrocarbons.Temperature increases from the Earth's surface toward its center. Bottom hole temperatures (BHTs) can be recorded from wells or other test data. Geothermal gradients can be calculated from BHTs. Global average geothermal gradient is 2.6°C/100 m. Heat flow equals geothermal gradient times thermal conductivity of rock. Rocks of differing compositions have different thermal conductivities.Subsurface pressures can be calculated from seismic data, measured from drill stem tests or repeat formation tests, and detected while drilling a well by one of the following: rapid increase in the rate of penetration; rapid increase in temperature of the drilling mud; and decrease in density of shale cuttings. Sonic, density, and neutron logs show a sudden increase in porosity with a corresponding decrease in resistivity in zones of overpressure.Subsurface pressure can be classified as: (1) lithostatic and (2) fluid pressure. Lithostatic pressure is caused by the pressure of the rock and transmitted through the subsurface by grain-to-grain contacts. The fluid pressure is caused by the fluids within the pore space.Subsurface pressures can be equal to a normal hydrostatic gradient (normal), less than a normal hydrostatic gradient (subnormal), or greater that a normal hydrostatic gradient (supernormal).Pressure compartments are found in many sedimentary basins which consist of two or more superimposed hydrologic systems. The deeper seal-bounded fluid pressure system is where much of the world's oil and gas has been generated.Pressure and temperature affect petroleum fluids in the subsurface. A pure fluid may exist in either liquid or gaseous state. Petroleum is a mixture of many different hydrocarbons in liquid or gaseous states. Pressure–temperature phase diagrams can be constructed for petroleum mixtures.Primary migration is the movement of hydrocarbons from the source rock into permeable carrier beds. Secondary migration is the movement of hydrocarbons from the carrier beds to the reservoir trap.Dynamics of fluid flow in basins evolves with time from youth to senility. In young basins, hydrocarbons and connate water migrate from the basin center toward the shallow margins of the basin. In senile basins (mature basins), possible slow deep connate convection cells may be present." @default.
• W3022013145 created "2020-05-13" @default.
• W3022013145 creator A5006381872 @default.
• W3022013145 date "2015-01-01" @default.
• W3022013145 modified "2023-10-17" @default.
• W3022013145 title "The Subsurface Environment" @default.
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• W3022013145 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-386031-6.00004-7" @default.
• W3022013145 hasPublicationYear "2015" @default.
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