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• W3022537792 endingPage "1773" @default.
• W3022537792 startingPage "1667" @default.
• W3022537792 abstract "The kidney is recognized as one of the most common target organs of toxicity of drugs and environmental chemicals. It is particularly susceptible because of the high blood flow to this organ relative to its mass and the unique property of renal tubular epithelium in concentrating urine and its constituents, including drugs and chemicals. The gold standard method for identification of renal toxicity potential of new products is light microscopic examination of the kidney, supplemented with renal function tests and biochemical biomarkers of renal cell injury in blood and urine. Purposely designed time-course studies that utilize ultrastructural pathology play a pivotal role in continued development of products exhibiting nephrotoxic potential. To refine the risk assessment, establishment of the cellular and subcellular organelle targets of xenobiotic injury by the pathologist forms a cornerstone in expanding the mechanistic understanding of the injury process. Demonstration of the pathogenesis of the full spectrum of toxic lesions enables the definition of primary or secondary changes and reversible, irreversible, or progressive processes. Through identification of cellular or subcellular organelle target sites, the most sensitive biomarkers can be identified to non-invasively monitor for the presence of a specific xenobiotic insult in laboratory animals and eventually in humans. This chapter emphasizes the structural and biochemical changes that occur in nephrotoxicity and the potential mechanisms involved. The rat is the species of focus, since it is the most important model in renal toxicologic pathology. Gross, microscopic, and ultrastructural anatomy is presented, followed by physiologic considerations, notable species, sex- and age-related differences in susceptibility to nephrotoxicity, and occurrence of common spontaneous renal diseases in laboratory animals. Screening strategies for new chemicals, potential mechanisms of renal injury, and the methods to characterize these mechanisms are reviewed on a sub-topographical basis using specific drug and chemical examples for illustration." @default.
• W3022537792 created "2020-05-13" @default.
• W3022537792 creator A5010271346 @default.
• W3022537792 creator A5050433093 @default.
• W3022537792 creator A5085815037 @default.
• W3022537792 date "2013-01-01" @default.
• W3022537792 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W3022537792 title "Kidney" @default.
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