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• W3022653874 abstract "ABSTRACT The Gross Brukkaros massif lies at the southern extremity of the Gibeon kimberlite province in South-West Africa; it is a well-formed volcanic vent with a diameter of approximately 2 km and a height of approximately 650 m above the Great Namaqualand plain. The vent is lined by a 130-m succession of stratified non-pyroclastic microbreccias, blown out by repeated explosions of the central volcano. This activity cuts through the late Pre-cambrian strata of the Nama Supergroup which underlies the microbreccias, and is dominated by vents and radial fissures having kimberlitic, melilititic and carbonatitic affinities. Monticellite peridotite intrusive is also present on the southern slopes of Gross Brukkaros. Pre-explosion fenitizing solutions produced a strong desilication of the argillitic component of the layered microbreccias and have introduced Na, Ca, Mg, Ti, Fe3+, total Fe and C. Post-depositional late-stage fenitizing solutions have also produced a local enrichment in K, P and C. Enrichment in the characteristic elements of the ultramafic suites is shown by data for Cr, Ni, V and Sc. The elements particularly characteristic of residual associations, Li, Nb, Be, Zr, Y and Sr, have also been introduced. From chemical and phase equilibria studies it is concluded that kimberlites, melilite- and monticellite-bearing ultramafic alkaline rocks and carbonatites could have been generated from a common parent. It is postulated that a kimberlitic magma is produced at depths in excess of 100 km. Olivine fractionation, reaction between crystalline phases and magma, and separation of a carbonate phase can account for the observed chemical differences in all these ultramafic alkaline rocks. We think that carbonatites represent, an immiscible phase of the ultramafic alkaline magmas. The petrogenetic model proposed -assumes a multistage rise of kimberlitic magma which was arrested at a deep crystal level where equilibrium conditions included the reaction of olivine and ilmenite to produce melilite and perovskite respectively. This magma then rapidly rose to a hypothetical depth of 2–3 km below surface where an immiscible carbonatitic top developed. The carbonatitic and alkaline ultramafic magmas were in equilibrium, together with their alkali volatile phase which impregnated and fenitised the wall-rocks in joint zones. The volatile pressure built up until it was just greater than the lithostatic pressure and bulging of the roof began. With a breach in the containment of the volatile phase there was violent disruption of the roof. Much of the brecciation and fine disruptive veining is interpreted as episodic failure in containment of fluid pressure. Concomitant with the eruption there was release of high CO2 pressure resulting in a downgrade reaction of the akermanite to monticellite. This monticellite peridotitic magma then intruded the flanks of the volcano. Small-scale structures present in the microbreccias suggest that they were essentially deposited sub-aerially." @default.
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• W3022653874 date "1975-01-01" @default.
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• W3022653874 title "GROSS BRUKKAROS: A KIMBERLITE–CARBONATITE VOLCANO" @default.
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• W3022653874 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-018017-5.50021-3" @default.
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