FRINK Linked Data Fragments server

Matches in SemOpenAlex for { <https://semopenalex.org/work/W302354402> ?p ?o ?g. }

• W302354402 abstract "A number of anticoagulant baits were found to be effective for the control of pine voles in apple orchards. The more toxic and acute the anticoagulant bait, the more effective the compounds appeared to be in field trials. A single 10 lb/A application of ICI 581, LM 637, and CPN gave excellent control in 1976 trials. Apple baits of ICI 581 and RH 787 also performed very well as a single 10 lb or 5 lb application per acre, respectively. Endrin applied to an orchard with a history of 10 years or more of annual applications did not control the voles. An application of Endrin in 1976 ~o an orchard not treated with Endrin since 1973 gave some control of voles, but it was considered inadequate. INTRODUCTION: Post-harvest application of Endrin to the ground cover has been the major method for the control of pine voles in apple orchards in the Central-Eastern United States for the last 15-20 years (Horsfall 1956a and 1956b). The effectiveness of Endrin in recent years has dwindled due to the development of Endrin-resistant strains of pine voles (Webb and Horsfall, 1967). Many fruit growers now have returned, with poor results, to hand baiting procedures developed in the 1930s. Zinc Phosphide treated oat baits placed in the runs and holes have not resulted in adequate control of the pine vole (Byers, 1975b). Growers, therefore, do not have an effective means of rodent control except in states which have issued state labels for the clearance of chlorophacinone (CPN) and diphacinone (DPN) baits or ground sprays. Since fruit growers in most eastern states have been dissatisified with pine vole control methods, the Department of Horticulture at VPI & SU has placed high emphasis on this research project since its solution is vital to the survival of the apple industry. Our vole control program has been designed to research any method for reducing or eliminating economic damage to fruit trees. The two main approaches have been the use of 1) toxicants and 2) culture to reduce population levels and thus reduce damage. We are also studying the nature of apple rootstock susceptibility and resistance and have surveyed over 100 apple clones for their potential resistance. HABITAT: In November 1974 and July 1975 trail systems under at least 20 trees were excavated in orchards with various soil types and tree spacings. We found that pine voles developed a shallow trail system (0-2 inches deep) which we believe functioned mainly as a food gathering area. A typical trail system is located mostly under the canopy of the apple tree with some surface trails leading from tree to tree down the row (Figure 1). The deep tunnel system is usually confined to the tree trunk area (4-5 foot radius); however, if trees are closely spaced, deep tunnels may be found from tree to tree. One or more nests and some underground caches are usually associated with the deep tunnel systems. Nests near the surface may be built during summer and fall periods especially under wood, tar paper, rubber mats, etc. Since large quantities of plant material were not found in the caches in July or November, it appeared to us that the caches were not utilized very well by the animals as food storage areas during environmental stress periods. However, the pine vole has a strong caching instinct and will cache large quantities of plant material or hand baits when these are placed directly in the active trail system. Since the nest{s) and deep tunnel systems are usually located near the tree trunk, we have assumed the tree trunk and large roots provide protection which is not found in more open areas. Radio transmitters built by R. D. Neely and similar to those previously developed (Neely and Campbell, 1973) were encapsulated in poly tubing and coated with baits of CPN and DPN. The radio transmitters produced bursts of radio frequency energy at 46.78 MHZ with a repetition rate of 500 pulses per second with a maximum range of about 10 m. The transmitters could be easily located at depths greater than 18 inches in the soil. These transmitters were placed in vole runs and holes with CPN and DPN baits and recovered from vole caches after various intervals of time to determine bait condition and location in relation to the nest and tree trunk. Although radio transmitters had a battery life of only 7-10 days, some transmitters were allowed to remain in the soil with the cached bait for longer periods to better observe bait condition. Baits were usually removed from the placement site by the animals in the first 24 hours and were not relocated again by the animals. Also, at no time were baits moved from the original placement site to another tree. The baits were usually cached near the nest sites (never in the nest) in a deep dead end tunnel or cache. Baits were found 25.6 + 7.9 inches from the tree trunk; 25.6 + 14.9 inches from the nest; 35.8-+ 14.9 inches from the original placement site; and 10.8 + 1.1 inches deep~ Nests were 33.7 + 11.7 inches from the tree trunk-and 8.7 + 1.2 inches deep. This data was based on 22 trees. Animals killed by CPN and DPN baits were found in nests and trail systems but never on top of the ground in these studies. Caching instinct can be utilized to relocate baits or encapsulated fumigants to a more central location within the population. ® NI _ 0-2inch•• d'.p 0 Cach, @ llreolh holt _ 6-12" @default.
• W302354402 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W302354402 creator A5024958688 @default.
• W302354402 date "1977-01-01" @default.
• W302354402 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W302354402 title "PINE VOLE CONTROL RESEARCH IN VIRGINIA" @default.
• W302354402 cites W2056245672 @default.
• W302354402 hasPublicationYear "1977" @default.
• W302354402 type Work @default.
• W302354402 sameAs 302354402 @default.
• W302354402 citedByCount "4" @default.
• W302354402 crossrefType "journal-article" @default.
• W302354402 hasAuthorship W302354402A5024958688 @default.
• W302354402 hasConcept C144027150 @default.
• W302354402 hasConcept C161176658 @default.
• W302354402 hasConcept C18903297 @default.
• W302354402 hasConcept C2776640376 @default.
• W302354402 hasConcept C2777055973 @default.
• W302354402 hasConcept C2777289206 @default.
• W302354402 hasConcept C2778914748 @default.
• W302354402 hasConcept C2780335518 @default.
• W302354402 hasConcept C2780753983 @default.
• W302354402 hasConcept C2908647359 @default.
• W302354402 hasConcept C33070731 @default.
• W302354402 hasConcept C48508581 @default.
• W302354402 hasConcept C54286561 @default.
• W302354402 hasConcept C6557445 @default.
• W302354402 hasConcept C71924100 @default.
• W302354402 hasConcept C86803240 @default.
• W302354402 hasConcept C99454951 @default.
• W302354402 hasConceptScore W302354402C144027150 @default.
• W302354402 hasConceptScore W302354402C161176658 @default.
• W302354402 hasConceptScore W302354402C18903297 @default.
• W302354402 hasConceptScore W302354402C2776640376 @default.
• W302354402 hasConceptScore W302354402C2777055973 @default.
• W302354402 hasConceptScore W302354402C2777289206 @default.
• W302354402 hasConceptScore W302354402C2778914748 @default.
• W302354402 hasConceptScore W302354402C2780335518 @default.
• W302354402 hasConceptScore W302354402C2780753983 @default.
• W302354402 hasConceptScore W302354402C2908647359 @default.
• W302354402 hasConceptScore W302354402C33070731 @default.
• W302354402 hasConceptScore W302354402C48508581 @default.
• W302354402 hasConceptScore W302354402C54286561 @default.
• W302354402 hasConceptScore W302354402C6557445 @default.
• W302354402 hasConceptScore W302354402C71924100 @default.
• W302354402 hasConceptScore W302354402C86803240 @default.
• W302354402 hasConceptScore W302354402C99454951 @default.
• W302354402 hasLocation W3023544021 @default.
• W302354402 hasOpenAccess W302354402 @default.
• W302354402 hasPrimaryLocation W3023544021 @default.
• W302354402 hasRelatedWork W1885802878 @default.
• W302354402 hasRelatedWork W1990222231 @default.
• W302354402 hasRelatedWork W2016351540 @default.
• W302354402 hasRelatedWork W2049711317 @default.
• W302354402 hasRelatedWork W2064332196 @default.
• W302354402 hasRelatedWork W2121622735 @default.
• W302354402 hasRelatedWork W2175814660 @default.
• W302354402 hasRelatedWork W2198546871 @default.
• W302354402 hasRelatedWork W2312878132 @default.
• W302354402 hasRelatedWork W2317331755 @default.
• W302354402 hasRelatedWork W2320804315 @default.
• W302354402 hasRelatedWork W2320864430 @default.
• W302354402 hasRelatedWork W2320959364 @default.
• W302354402 hasRelatedWork W2321839720 @default.
• W302354402 hasRelatedWork W2327428263 @default.
• W302354402 hasRelatedWork W2329123453 @default.
• W302354402 hasRelatedWork W3094081711 @default.
• W302354402 hasRelatedWork W2182378142 @default.
• W302354402 hasRelatedWork W2522553554 @default.
• W302354402 hasRelatedWork W2741651513 @default.
• W302354402 isParatext "false" @default.
• W302354402 isRetracted "false" @default.
• W302354402 magId "302354402" @default.
• W302354402 workType "article" @default.