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• W3023687591 abstract "Organic lipophilic compounds are considered potentially dangerous because of their capacity to partition and accumulate in membranes or lipid stores in organisms. They have the potential to persist in organisms over a long period of time because excretion often involves elimination through hydrophilic media. Organisms have developed ways to eliminate lipophilic organic compounds that involve biochemical modifications aimed at increasing their solubility in aqueous media. Indeed, these compounds could be oxidized using phase 1 mono-oxygenation reactions consisting of the addition of polar hydroxyl or carbonyl groups to the aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon backbone of xenobiotics. These metabolites could further undergo conjugation with sulfates, peptides, or sugars to again increase the polarity of the molecule to favor elimination by aqueous media. The presence of P-glycoprotein pumps at the surface of the cytoplasmic membranes, which extrudes miscellaneous xenobiotics, represents the last step in the elimination process of xenobiotics. Xenobiotic biotransformation is a fundamental process that became highly sophisticated through evolution. Nonspecific peroxidases and P-glycoprotein pumps represent a generic (less specific) and fundamental way to remove lipophilic xenobiotics in cells. The advent of microsomal hemoproteins or cytochrome P450 became one of the most sophisticated systems for the oxidation of foreign compounds (xenobiotics) in cells. The cytochrome P450 family consists in heme-containing proteins where more than tens of thousands of isomers are found in nature. These enzymes are found in all domains of life, but are not necessarily present in all species, ranging from archea, bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and invertebrates, to vertebrates. Both generic and substrate-specific assays for hemoproteins are presented in this chapter to provide ways of measuring phase 1 biotransformation activity in various species under study. The most commonly used enzyme assays for measuring conjugation are also provided as well as the rhodamine 123 exclusion test for the activity of P-glycoprotein pumps in membrane extracts of tissues." @default.
• W3023687591 created "2020-05-13" @default.
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• W3023687591 date "2014-01-01" @default.
• W3023687591 modified "2023-09-25" @default.
• W3023687591 title "Xenobiotic Biotransformation" @default.
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• W3023687591 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-411604-7.00007-6" @default.
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