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- W3023894489 abstract "Around the turn of the century, it was found that tumors of a particular mouse would grow only in mice of the same inbred strain, The ability to transplant both neoplastic and normal tissue was found to depend primarily upon sharing one genetic locus, known to be a large, complex genetic region called the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). A number of biological phenomena, mostly immunological in nature, are ascribed to the MHC, which encodes at least three major families of molecules (reviewed in Klein, 1975, 1979; Klein et al., 1981, 1983). All vertebrates examined appear to possess an MHC (Gotze, 1977) and characteristrcs of MHC-determined functions are found in invertebrates such as sponges and colonial tunicates (Hildeman et al., 1979; Scofield et al., 1982). The genetic maps of the MHC of mouse (the H-2 complex on chromosome 17) and of man (the HLA complex of chromosome 6) are shown in Figure 1. Class Ill molecules are elements of the complement system present primarily as serum proteases and will not be further discussed. Both class I and class II molecules are heterodimerrc cell-surface glycoprotein antigens. Class I antigens are composed of 44 kd transmembrane glycoproteins encoded in the MHC noncovalently associated with the 12 kd protein m human A, B, C) are highly polymorphrc, are found on vrrtually all nucleated cells, and function as targets for cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The much less polymorphic class I differentiation antigens (TL and Qa), which are found on some lymphocyte and erythrocyte subpopulations, are less well defined (reviewed in Stromrnger et al., 1981; Ploegh et al., 1981; Nathenson et al., 1981; Hood et al., 1983). The class II antigens, which are highly polymorphic, are involved In communication between cells that regulate the Immune response. Though apparently present on some secreted, functionally active factors, class II antigenic determrnants are generally found as cell-surface antigens composed of two transmembrane glycoproteins of 27-29 kd (Irght or lo, chain) and 33-35 kd (heavy or LY chain), both encoded in the MHC. Class II antigens are found primarily on B lymphocytes and on a significant fraction of activated T lymphocytes. Large amounts are also found on so-called antigen-presenting cells such as dentritic cells and cells of the macrophage/myelord series including tissue macrophages (Kupfer cells in the liver, Langerhans cells in the skin, etc.) (reviewed In Moller, 1976; Ferrone et al., 1978; Strominger et al., 1981; Shackelford et al., 1982). Low levels of class II antigens have been reported on renal tubule cells (Hart and Fabre, 1981) and on capillary wall endothelial cells (Pober et al., 1983). Class II antigens have also been reported on tumor cells, including melanomas (Basham and Merigan, 1983) and gliomas (Carrel et al., 1982). The study of MHC class II molecules IS important in several ways. Class II antigens are prototypic membrane protein heterodimers and possess unusual features of biosynthesis, conformational change, and interaction. Their structure implies intriguing evolutionary relationships with class I antigens and with immunoglobulins. Like Class I antigens, they form a highly polymorphic multigene family with a complex pattern of antigenic determinants, whose variability may in part be generated by a poorly understood copy-repair mechanism analogous to gene conversion. Finally, class II antigens are key elements in the control of the immune response to antigen, functioning in the recognition of antigen by regulatory T lymphocytes." @default.
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- W3023894489 date "2004-01-01" @default.
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- W3023894489 title "The Class II Molecules of the Review Human and Murine Major Histocompatibility Complex" @default.
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