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• W3024741791 abstract "HomeStrokeVol. 51, No. 7Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection and Ischemic Stroke Free AccessReview ArticlePDF/EPUBAboutView PDFView EPUBSections ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload citationsTrack citationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyReddit Jump toFree AccessReview ArticlePDF/EPUBSevere Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection and Ischemic Stroke Eduard Valdes Valderrama, Kelley Humbert, Aaron Lord, Jennifer Frontera and Shadi Yaghi Eduard Valdes ValderramaEduard Valdes Valderrama Department of Neurology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY. Search for more papers by this author , Kelley HumbertKelley Humbert Department of Neurology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY. Search for more papers by this author , Aaron LordAaron Lord Department of Neurology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY. Search for more papers by this author , Jennifer FronteraJennifer Frontera Department of Neurology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY. Search for more papers by this author and Shadi YaghiShadi Yaghi Correspondence to: Shadi Yaghi, MD, Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, 150 55th St, Brooklyn, NY 11220. Email E-mail Address: [email protected] https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0031-1004 Department of Neurology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY. Search for more papers by this author Originally published12 May 2020https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.030153Stroke. 2020;51:e124–e127Other version(s) of this articleYou are viewing the most recent version of this article. Previous versions: May 12, 2020: Ahead of Print CaseA 52-year-old man with essential hypertension initially presented to a local emergency department with shortness of breath, cough, and fever. He was prescribed azithromycin and discharged home. On day 7, he represented to a primary stroke center emergency department with sudden onset of right hemiparesis and aphasia. Upon arrival, his blood pressure was 150/94 mm Hg, and his National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score was 20 for global aphasia, left gaze preference, and right-sided partial hemianopia, facial weakness, severe hemiparesis, and hemianesthesia. He underwent a noncontrast computed tomography (CT) of the brain which was reported as negative for acute hemorrhage but showed a hyperdensity of the M1 segment of the left middle cerebral artery. He subsequently had a CT angiography that demonstrated a left intracranial internal carotid artery occlusion. He was within the intravenous thrombolysis window, and no contraindication for treatment was identified. He received intravenous alteplase and was then transferred to our comprehensive stroke center for consideration of mechanical thrombectomy.Upon arrival to the comprehensive stroke center, the patient’s blood pressure was 146/98 mm Hg, and his neurological deficits were persistent. A chest radiograph was within normal and a noncontrast CT of the head was repeated which showed early infarct signs of in the left basal ganglia, internal capsule, caudate head, insular ribbon, operculum, and right posterior frontal lobe with an Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score of 5. CT perfusion imaging of the brain was obtained to ensure that there was salvageable tissue and showed a favorable mismatch ratio of 4.1 (Figure 1). He underwent conventional angiography, which demonstrated a partially occlusive left terminal internal carotid artery thrombus extending into the left anterior cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery with occlusion of the proximal left middle cerebral artery. Mechanical thrombectomy was performed without the use of general anesthesia with restoration of flow from Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction 0 to Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction 2A (Figure 2).Download figureDownload PowerPointFigure 1. Left, computed tomography (CT) perfusion study with 51 mL of core infarction and mismatch volume of 122 mL. Right, Follow-up CT scan at 24 h with a middle cerebral artery infarction and petechial hemorrhage.Download figureDownload PowerPointFigure 2. Left, initial cerebral angiogram showing thrombus in the middle and anterior cerebral arteries. Right, post-treatment cerebral angiogram showing Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction 2A reperfusion of the affected territory.He was admitted to the stroke unit for further management. The reverse-transcriptase–polymerase-chain-reaction assay of a nasopharyngeal sample was positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). He was empirically treated with hydroxychloroquine, and his cough gradually resolved. He did not develop complications of pneumonia, increased work of breathing, or fever. Additional workup revealed: BNP (B-type natriuretic peptide) 193 pg/mL, D-dimer >10 000 ng/mL, fibrinogen 235 mg/dL, ferritin 588 µg/L, CRP (C-reactive protein) 11 mg/L, erythrocyte sedimentation rate 37 mm/h, HIV nonreactive, and a urine drug screen on admission was negative. Hemoglobin A1c and LDL (low-density lipoprotein) levels were normal. Electrocardiogram and cardiac telemetry monitoring did not reveal any arrhythmias. Transthoracic echocardiography showed normal cavity size and wall thickness of the left ventricle, an ejection fraction of 63%, and no evidence of a cardiac source of emboli or patent foramen ovale. A follow-up CT showed a left MCA territory infarction with petechial hemorrhage (Figure 1). His stroke cause remained cryptogenic. Due to the potential risk of worsening hemorrhagic transformation with anticoagulation therapy, he was discharged to acute rehabilitation on aspirin and statin with plans for outpatient cardiac monitoring. At the time of discharge, he had moderate aphasia and improved strength (Medical Research Council grade 3/5) in the right arm and leg.DiscussionCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious respiratory disease caused the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2. There is limited data on the co-occurrence of stroke and COVID-19 infection. Our article highlights acute management, prevention, and recovery in patients with COVID-19 and stroke. Our patient was screened for COVID-19, received alteplase and mechanical thrombectomy, and underwent a diagnostic evaluation to determine the potential mechanism. He was also discharged to acute rehabilitation.Given that COVID-19 confirmed cases are over 1 million globally and continue to rise, understanding the relationship between COVID-19 and ischemic stroke will be critical for stroke prevention, surveillance, and management. A recent retrospective study from Wuhan, China began to address the potential relationship between COVID-19 and neurological conditions, including stroke.1 These may occur in up to 50% of patients and include headache, dysautonomia, anosmia and ageusia, stroke (ischemic or hemorrhagic), seizures, encephalopathy, and necrotizing encephalitis. The exact mechanism(s) of central nervous system involvement with COVID-19 remain unclear but are possibly due to direct central nervous system invasion through the systemic circulation or a retrograde neuronal route through the cribriform plate. Alternatively, systemic processes of such as a cytokine storm/immune or hypoxemia may contribute to neurological injury.2Stroke is one of the complications reported in patients with COVID-19 infection, occurring in ≈2% of patients during their hospitalization.1 This, however, does not provide evidence of causality between the 2. This is particularly the case since hospitalized patients with COVID-19 and ischemic stroke share overlapping risk factors.3 Alternatively, there is some indirect evidence that in some patients with COVID-19 and ischemic stroke, COVID-19 may be the culprit.The relationship between infection and ischemic stroke is well-established. Infection increases the odds of stroke by 1.4-fold particularly early in convalescence.4 A similar relationship might be expected from infection by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19.On top of the general association between infection and stroke, there are potential links between COVID-19 and stroke that may be more specific to COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 can enter myocardial cells via the ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme II) receptor, which is heavily expressed in myocardium, vascular endothelium, and arterial smooth muscle.5 This distribution could make these organ systems focally susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection, causing inflammation and injury to the myocardium, predisposing to thrombogenesis and stroke risk. In addition, COVID-19 has been shown to create a prothrombotic state associated with increased D-dimer levels, thus increasing the risk of thrombotic complications including stroke.6 In fact, in one study, 25% of patients with severe SARS infection had evidence of venous thromboembolism, this is particularly the case with D-dimer levels >1.5 µg/mL.7 Moreover, SARS-CoV-2 appears to be associated with a hyperinflammatory state, or cytokine storm associated with increased IL-6 (interleukin-6) levels8 resulting in hyperviscosity and stroke risk. Finally, as with other coronavirus,9 SARS-CoV-2 can potentially cause vascular endothelial damage and increased risk for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage and microthrombosis of small penetrating arteries and cervical artery dissection of larger arteries. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 is associated with a fibrinogen consumption coagulopathy either from metabolic acidosis or disseminated intravascular coagulation increasing the risk of intracranial hemorrhage.SARS-CoV-2 is widely spread in the community including those at increased risk of ischemic stroke. Therefore, a certain proportion of patients with ischemic stroke in setting of SARS-CoV-2 may have a well-established non-SARS-CoV-2 stroke mechanism. Thus, patients with COVID-19 with ischemic stroke should undergo a diagnostic evaluation to look for non-COVID related stroke mechanisms, as illustrated with our patient and this includes a brain imaging, intracranial and extra-cranial vascular imaging, echocardiography, cardiac telemetry, and outpatient cardiac monitoring in those whose stroke is cryptogenic.10 In addition to the standard diagnostic evaluation, checking coagulation markers such as D-dimer and fibrinogen levels and inflammatory markers such as CRP and IL-6 levels may help determine whether the patient has an underlying prothrombotic or inflammatory response and may help guide treatment. Our patient received a complete diagnostic evaluation, and his stroke remained cryptogenic upon discharge. It is noteworthy that our patient had an elevated D-dimer suggesting acquired hypercoagulability in the setting of SARS-CoV-2 as potential mechanism.Understanding the factors associated with stroke in COVID-19 can lead to identifying therapeutic targets and reducing stroke risk. Studies thus far have failed to a benefit of anticoagulation in patients with cryptogenic stroke, those with cryptogenic stroke in the setting of SARS-CoV-2 infection may be a subgroup who may where anticoagulation versus antiplatelet therapy can be tested. This is particularly the case in those whose D-dimer level is elevated. In addition, more research is needed to better understand the impact of inflammation on stroke risk in patients with COVID-19 and whether novel treatment options such as IL-6 inhibitors can reduce this risk.Finally, while it is challenging to perform acute rehabilitation in patients with COVID-19 infection due to the need for isolation and the potential for infection spread, patients with COVID-19 may benefit from acute rehabilitation. Our patient was discharged to acute rehabilitation and on last follow-up, his aphasia and motor strength had significantly improved.ConclusionsStroke can be seen in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection and the mechanisms of stroke could be related to conventional mechanisms or related directly to SARS-CoV-2 infection (Figure 3). Studies are needed to understand those mechanisms and potential treatments such as anticoagulation therapy to decrease stroke risk in this vulnerable population.Download figureDownload PowerPointFigure 3. Pathophysiology of stroke in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. ACE-2 indicates angiotensin-converting enzyme II; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; DIC, disseminated intravascular coagulation; ESUS, embolic stroke of undetermined source; and SIRS, systemic inflammatory response syndrome.Take-Home PointsAn important question that remains unanswered is whether coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affects the likelihood of ischemic stroke independent of stroke risk factors.This risk of stroke may be increased in patients with COVID-19 due to direct damage to the heart and vascular endothelium, markedly elevated inflammation, and elevation of prothrombotic factors.Understanding the neurotropic mechanisms of coronaviruses that have caused disease outbreaks in the past can provide valuable knowledge to reduce the morbidity of COVID-19.Patients with COVID-19 and ischemic stroke should undergo standard diagnostic evaluation. Additionally, we recommend checking coagulation markers such as D-dimer and fibrinogen levels and inflammatory markers such as CRP (C-reactive protein) and IL-6 (interleukin-6).Future research is needed to study the effect of rehabilitation strategies on outcomes in patients with COVID-19 infection.AcknowledgmentsDrs Yaghi and Valdez contributed to study design and drafting article. Drs Humbert, Frontera, and Lord contributed to article revision.DisclosuresDr Yaghi reports funding from Medtronic. The other authors report no conflicts.FootnotesIRB approval: Since this is a case report, study approval and informed consent were waived by the Institutional Review Board.Correspondence to: Shadi Yaghi, MD, Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, 150 55th St, Brooklyn, NY 11220. Email shadiyaghi@yahoo.comReferences1. Mao L, Wang M, Chen S, He Q, Chang J, Hong C, et al. Neurological manifestations of hospitalized patients with covid-19 in wuhan, china: a retrospective case series study.medRxiv. 2020. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.1127Google Scholar2. Wu Y, Xu X, Chen Z, Duan J, Hashimoto K, Yang L, et al. Nervous system involvement after infection with covid-19 and other coronaviruses [published online March 30, 2020].Brain Behav Immun. 2020:S0889-1591(20)30357-3. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.031Google Scholar3. Yang J, Zheng Y, Gou X, Pu K, Chen Z, Guo Q, et al. Prevalence of comorbidities in the novel wuhan coronavirus (covid-19) infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Int J Infect Dis. 2020.Google Scholar4. Boehme AK, Luna J, Kulick ER, Kamel H, Elkind MSV. Influenza-like illness as a trigger for ischemic stroke.Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2018; 5:456–463. doi: 10.1002/acn3.545CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar5. Hamming I, Timens W, Bulthuis ML, Lely AT, Navis G, van Goor H. Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis.J Pathol. 2004; 203:631–637. doi: 10.1002/path.1570CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar6. Moore HB, Barrett CD, Moore EE, McIntyre RC, Moore PK, Talmor DS, et al. Is there a role for tissue plasminogen activator (tpa) as a novel treatment for refractory covid-19 associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards)?J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2020.Google Scholar7. Cui S, Chen S, Li X, Liu S, Wang F. Prevalence of venous thromboembolism in patients with severe novel coronavirus pneumonia.J Thromb Haemost. 2020.Google Scholar8. Chen G, Wu D, Guo W, Cao Y, Huang D, Wang H, et al. Clinical and immunological features of severe and moderate coronavirus disease 2019.J Clin Invest. 2020; 130:2620–2629. doi: 10.1172/JCI137244CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar9. Al-Hameed FM. Spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage in a patient with middle east respiratory syndrome corona virus.Saudi Med J. 2017; 38:196–200. doi: 10.15537/smj.2017.2.16255Google Scholar10. Yaghi S, Bernstein RA, Passman R, Okin PM, Furie KL. Cryptogenic stroke: research and practice.Circ Res. 2017; 120:527–540. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.308447LinkGoogle Scholar eLetters(0)eLetters should relate to an article recently published in the journal and are not a forum for providing unpublished data. Comments are reviewed for appropriate use of tone and language. Comments are not peer-reviewed. Acceptable comments are posted to the journal website only. Comments are not published in an issue and are not indexed in PubMed. Comments should be no longer than 500 words and will only be posted online. References are limited to 10. 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