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• W30250178 abstract "Groundwater ecology is the study of ecosystems that occur in the subsurface withingroundwater. Groundwater often contains a diverse range of organisms, and those that live ingroundwater and generally do not live above the ground surface are called Stygobites.Stygobites species come from several different taxonomic groups of animals. Many animalsfound in groundwater are Crustaceans (Copepoda, Ostracoda, Amphipoda, Isopoda,Syncarida, Cladocera) but species of Oligocheata and Hirundinea from the phyla Anelida(worms), Mollusca (snails and slugs) and Nematoda (roundworms) also live in groundwater.Groundwater Ecology is important because stygobites provide a unique contribution to globalbiodiversity. Stygobites have unusual adaptations to their subsurface environment and thereis a high degree of endemism therefore they provide insight into fundamental questions ofevolution, ecology and biodiversity. Stygobite studies can also be used to investigate pastchanges in geomorphology and climate, and the distribution of stygobites can inform aquifercharacterisation. Groundwater ecosystems also provide important “ecosystem services” dueto their role in biogeochemical cycling, and they can enhance contaminant attenuation.Groundwater fauna can also be useful indicators of the environmental health of aquifers.There are however many threats to groundwater ecosystems including habitat removal byopencast quarrying, groundwater abstraction which removes organisms and causes physicaland chemical changes to the habitat, and aquifer contamination.Most records of stygobites in the UK are from caves in the Carboniferous Limestone andboreholes in the Chalk. Ten species of stygobite are known in the UK and Ireland butgroundwater organisms have not been well studied, and there may be undiscovered species.The groundwater fauna of many areas of the UK, and many rock types has not yet beeninvestigated. More comprehensive studies have been carried out in other countries and thishas lead to insight into the best methods of sampling stygobites, and some understanding oftheir diversity and distribution in groundwater. Sampling should be designed to take intoaccount variability in geology and hydrogeology as well as regional variations. The bestsampling methods in boreholes are net hauling and pumping, and repeated sampling generallyincreases the number of species found.Determining the factors controlling the distribution of species in groundwater is difficultbecause there are many factors which interact in a complex way. Sophisticated computationaldata analysis techniques are needed to unravel these complexities. Some of the mostimportant regional scale factors thought to determine stygobite distributions are glacialhistory and geology. The composition of groundwater ecosystems also depends upon the typeof aquifer (karstic, porous, fracture, compact), and in karst aquifers whether the ecosystem isin the vadose or phreatic zone. It is believed that local effects, (e.g. aquifer heterogeneity,water chemistry, and the location of the water table), also affects species diversity andabundance in groundwaters.Future work might include a survey of the groundwater fauna in the UK to assessgroundwater biodiversity and investigate the distribution of stygobites in different geologies.Future hydrogeological research areas might include studies of the physical hydrogeologicalcontrols on stygobite diversity such as targeted sampling of inflows into boreholes todetermine where in the aquifer stygobites live, and the frequency that stygobites enterboreholes. Hydrochemistry research might focus on assessing the “ecosystem services”provided by groundwater ecosystems such as their role in biogeochemical cycling,contaminant attenuation processes, and sustaining surface groundwater dependentecosystems. Multi-disciplinary studies involving collaboration between hydrogeologists andbiologists and ecologists would be particularly beneficial." @default.
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• W30250178 date "2009-01-01" @default.
• W30250178 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W30250178 title "Groundwater ecology literature review" @default.
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