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• W3027216567 abstract "Letter to the EditorReply to Jakovac: About COVID-19 and vitamin DAngelo Facchiano, Antonio Facchiano, Manuela Bartoli, Alberto Ricci, and Francesco FacchianoAngelo FacchianoNational Research Council, CNR-ISA, Avellino, Italy,* Antonio FacchianoIstituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata, IDI-IRCCS Rome, Italy,* Manuela BartoliDepartment of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, Alberto RicciDepartment of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Division of Respiratory Diseases, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy, and Francesco FacchianoDepartment of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy*Published Online:20 May 2020https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00185.2020MoreSectionsPDF (33 KB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat to the editor: In response to the letter from Jakovac entitled: “COVID-19 and vitamin D—Is there a link and an opportunity for intervention?” (3) we want to highlight the large meta-analysis published in 2017 reporting a systematic review of randomized controlled trials indicating that vitamin D (VitD) supplementation reduced the risk of acute respiratory tract infections (10). These results support the potential beneficial impact of VitD supplementation against acute respiratory tract infections, but also analyze dosage and point out the importance of considering VitD baseline levels. Another interesting issue supporting the tight correlation between VitD and coronavirus disease (COVID-19) stems from the observation that anosmia and ageusia are early symptoms in COVID-19 patients (6, 8). Of interest, anosmia and/or ageusia were detected in subjects with VitD deficiency (1, 4), thus implying that COVID-19 infections could be associated with or lead to VitD deficiency. Additional evidence rises from the observation that patients with Kallmann syndrome, a rare congenital form of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, have symptoms common to COVID-19 patients, namely hypo- or anosmia and higher frequency in men, and also low VitD levels (2). A tight correlation between sex hormones and VitD supplementation was recently reported by a study correlating the hormone-modulated expression of a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) receptor (ACE2) and hypovitaminosis D (5). Severe deficiency of VitD is widespread across the world, and VitD has a role in several cellular-mediated responses to pathogens (7), therefore its supplementation may be a simple and cost-effective way to minimize respiratory exacerbation in fragile population (9). Overall, these studies strongly support a possible preventive and/or therapeutic role of VitD in patients with COVID-19 as reported by Jakovac’s letter and underline the need of collecting appropriate data from patients and further epidemiological studies to correlate COVID-19 infection and clinical progression to the hormonal assets of patients. Currently, there are 11 clinical trials listed in the clinical trial registry of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) (clinicaltrials.gov) aimed at testing VitD supplementation in COVID-19 patients in combination with other drugs and comparing high doses versus standard doses. There is no doubt that the results of these trials will be key to the validation of this adjunctive treatment for COVID-19 patients.DISCLOSURESNo conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise, are declared by the authors.AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONSF.F., Angelo Facchiano, and Antonio Facchiano conceived and designed the study; F.F., Angelo Facchiano, Antonio Facchiano, M.B., and A.R. drafted manuscript; F.F., Angelo Facchiano, Antonio Facchiano, M.B., and A.R. edited and revised manuscript; F.F., Angelo Facchiano, Antonio Facchiano, M.B., and A.R. approved final version of manuscript.REFERENCES1. Fullard ME, Xie SX, Marek K, Stern M, Jennings D, Siderowf A, Willis AW, Chen-Plotkin AS. Vitamin D in the Parkinson Associated Risk Syndrome (PARS) study. Mov Disord 32: 1636–1640, 2017. doi:10.1002/mds.27127. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar2. Iolascon G, Frizzi L, Bianco M, Gimigliano F, Palumbo V, Sinisi AM, Sinisi AA. Bone involvement in males with Kallmann disease. Aging Clin Exp Res 27, Suppl 1: S31–S36, 2015. doi:10.1007/s40520-015-0421-5. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar3. Jakovac H. COVID-19 and vitamin D—Is there a link and an opportunity for intervention? Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 318: E589, 2020. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00138.2020. Link | ISI | Google Scholar4. Kim JE, Oh E, Park J, Youn J, Kim JS, Jang W. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 level may be associated with olfactory dysfunction in de novo Parkinson’s disease. J Clin Neurosci 57: 131–135, 2018. doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2018.08.003. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar5. La Vignera S, Cannarella R, Condorelli RA, Torre F, Aversa A, Calogero AE. Sex-specific SARS-CoV-2 mortality: among hormone-modulated ACE2 expression, risk of venous thromboembolism and hypovitaminosis D. Int J Mol Sci 21: E2948, 2020. doi:10.3390/ijms21082948. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar6. Lechien JR, Chiesa-Estomba CM, De Siati DR, Horoi M, Le Bon SD, Rodriguez A, Dequanter D, Blecic S, El Afia F, Distinguin L, Chekkoury-Idrissi Y, Hans S, Delgado IL, Calvo-Henriquez C, Lavigne P, Falanga C, Barillari MR, Cammaroto G, Khalife M, Leich P, Souchay C, Rossi C, Journe F, Hsieh J, Edjlali M, Carlier R, Ris L, Lovato A, De Filippis C, Coppee F, Fakhry N, Ayad T, Saussez S. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a multicenter European study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. In press. doi:10.1007/s00405-020-05965-1. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar7. Lips P, Cashman KD, Lamberg-Allardt C, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Obermayer-Pietsch B, Bianchi ML, Stepan J, El-Hajj Fuleihan G, Bouillon R. Current vitamin D status in European and Middle East countries and strategies to prevent vitamin D deficiency: a position statement of the European Calcified Tissue Society. Eur J Endocrinol 180: P23–P54, 2019. doi:10.1530/EJE-18-0736. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar8. Lüers JC, Klußmann JP, Guntinas-Lichius O. [The COVID-19 pandemic and otolaryngology: what it comes down to?]. Laryngorhinootologie 99: 287–291, 2020. doi:10.1055/a-1095-2344. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar9. Maes K, Serré J, Mathyssen C, Janssens W, Gayan-Ramirez G. Targeting vitamin D deficiency to limit exacerbations in respiratory diseases: utopia or strategy with potential? Calcif Tissue Int 106: 76–87, 2020. doi:10.1007/s00223-019-00591-4. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar10. Martineau AR, Jolliffe DA, Hooper RL, Greenberg L, Aloia JF, Bergman P, Dubnov-Raz G, Esposito S, Ganmaa D, Ginde AA, Goodall EC, Grant CC, Griffiths CJ, Janssens W, Laaksi I, Manaseki-Holland S, Mauger D, Murdoch DR, Neale R, Rees JR, Simpson S Jr, Stelmach I, Kumar GT, Urashima M, Camargo CA Jr. Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data. BMJ 356: i6583, 2017. doi:10.1136/bmj.i6583. Crossref | PubMed | Google ScholarAUTHOR NOTES*Angelo Facchiano, Antonio Facchiano, and F. Facchiano contributed equally to this work.Correspondence: Francesco Facchiano (francesco.facchiano@iss.it). Download PDF Previous Back to Top Next FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation CollectionsAPS Cross-Journal CollectionsCoronavirus-Related Papers Related ArticlesCOVID-19 and vitamin D—Is there a link and an opportunity for intervention? 16 Apr 2020American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and MetabolismCited ByThe Association of Vitamin D Deficiency with COVID- 19 Severity and Mortality1 December 2021 | Journal of Research in Applied and Basic Medical Sciences, Vol. 7, No. 4Vitamin D and Covid‐19: From potential therapeutic effects to unanswered questions28 August 2020 | Reviews in Medical Virology, Vol. 31, No. 2Drug-Nutrition Interactions in Infectious Diseases11 December 2020Repurposing existing drugs for COVID-19: an endocrinology perspective29 September 2020 | BMC Endocrine Disorders, Vol. 20, No. 1A Basic Review of the Preliminary Evidence That COVID-19 Risk and Severity Is Increased in Vitamin D Deficiency10 September 2020 | Frontiers in Public Health, Vol. 8Clinical Management of Diabetes Mellitus in the Era of COVID-19: Practical Issues, Peculiarities and Concerns18 July 2020 | Journal of Clinical Medicine, Vol. 9, No. 7 More from this issue > Volume 318Issue 6June 2020Pages E838-E838 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2020 the American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00185.2020PubMed32432923History Received 30 April 2020 Accepted 6 May 2020 Published online 20 May 2020 Published in print 1 June 2020 Metrics" @default.
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