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• W3028002936 endingPage "522" @default.
• W3028002936 startingPage "510" @default.
• W3028002936 abstract "Sex chromosomes have originated independently many times from ordinary autosomes and widespread gene loss is considered a hallmark of Y chromosome evolution. Genomic analyses in Drosophila have revealed that gene (co)-amplification is common on recently formed X/Y chromosomes, which may gain 1000s of genes. Coamplified X/Y genes are derived from well-characterized meiosis genes involved in chromosome segregation and chromatin condensation, or in RNAi, are typically expressed in testis, and often produce antisense transcripts and short RNAs. Knockdown of RNAi genes in Drosophila can produce female-biased offspring, due to a failure in producing silencing short RNAs that target an X-linked driver. Sex chromosomes are susceptible to an evolutionary tug-of-war over segregation and intragenomic conflicts can utilize RNAi to counter sex ratio distortion. Y chromosomes are typically viewed as genetic wastelands with few intact genes. Recent genomic analyses in Drosophila, however, show that gene gain is prominent on young Y chromosomes. Meiosis- and RNAi-related genes often coamplify on recently formed X and Y chromosomes, are testis-expressed, and produce antisense transcripts and short RNAs. RNAi pathways are also involved in suppressing sex ratio drive in Drosophila. These observations paint a dynamic picture of sex chromosome differentiation, suggesting that rapidly evolving genomic battles over segregation are rampant on young sex chromosomes and utilize RNAi to defend the genome against selfish elements that manipulate fair meiosis. Recurrent sex chromosome drive can have profound ecological, evolutionary, and cellular impacts and account for unique features of sex chromosomes. Y chromosomes are typically viewed as genetic wastelands with few intact genes. Recent genomic analyses in Drosophila, however, show that gene gain is prominent on young Y chromosomes. Meiosis- and RNAi-related genes often coamplify on recently formed X and Y chromosomes, are testis-expressed, and produce antisense transcripts and short RNAs. RNAi pathways are also involved in suppressing sex ratio drive in Drosophila. These observations paint a dynamic picture of sex chromosome differentiation, suggesting that rapidly evolving genomic battles over segregation are rampant on young sex chromosomes and utilize RNAi to defend the genome against selfish elements that manipulate fair meiosis. Recurrent sex chromosome drive can have profound ecological, evolutionary, and cellular impacts and account for unique features of sex chromosomes. a chromosome that is not a sex chromosome. a mechanism by which species with sex chromosomes equalize gene expression on the X between both sexes. a gene where two copies are required for normal function. a less densely packed form of DNA that is associated with gene transcription. a densely packed form of DNA that is associated with gene silencing and typically is composed of repetitive DNA. an evolutionary phenomenon where genes residing in different parts of the genome promote their own transmission in detriment of the transmission of other genes that reside in the same genome. the maintenance or acquisition of genes on the Y chromosome with male-beneficial functions. a type of intragenomic conflict, whereby one or more loci within a genome will manipulate gametogenesis in such a way as to favor their own transmission. sex chromosomes are precociously heterochromatinized and transcriptionally silenced during spermatogenesis. two very similar long sequences point in opposite directions, connected by a ‘spacer’. DNA sequences that occur in multiple copies throughout the genome. Repetitive DNA is mostly composed of transposable elements and satellite DNA. a cellular mechanism in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression or translation, by neutralizing targeted mRNA molecules. selfish genetic elements that manipulate meiosis or gametogenesis to increase their own transmission. a type of chromosome that participates in sex determination. meiotic drive occurring on the sex chromosomes and thus biasing the offspring sex ratio. DNA sequences that are able to move from one location to another in the genome. a process in which the Y chromosome loses most of its original genes over evolutionary time." @default.
• W3028002936 created "2020-05-29" @default.
• W3028002936 creator A5000932897 @default.
• W3028002936 date "2020-07-01" @default.
• W3028002936 modified "2023-10-11" @default.
• W3028002936 title "The Y Chromosome as a Battleground for Intragenomic Conflict" @default.
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