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• W3034126532 abstract "Tectonophysics 619–620 (2014) 115–122 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Tectonophysics journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/tecto Tidal response variation and recovery following the Wenchuan earthquake from water level data of multiple wells in the nearfield Guijuan Lai a,c , Hongkui Ge b , Lian Xue c , Emily E. Brodsky c , Fuqiong Huang d , Weilai Wang a,e, ⁎ a Key Laboratory of Seismic Observation and Geophysical Imaging, Institute of Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100081, China Unconventional Natural Gas Institute, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA d China Earthquake Networks Center, Beijing 100045, China e Institute of Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100081, China b c a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Received 20 March 2013 Received in revised form 21 August 2013 Accepted 29 August 2013 Available online 6 September 2013 Keywords: Wenchuan earthquake Permeability variation Recovery time Coseismic water level changes Tidal response a b s t r a c t An important dataset to emerge from the Wenchuan earthquake Fault Scientific Drilling project is direct mea- surement of the permeability evolution of a fault zone. In order to provide context for this new observation, we examined the evolution of tidal responses in the nearfield region (within ~1.5 fault lengths) at the time of the mainshock. Previous work has shown that seismic waves can increase permeability in the farfield, but their effects in the nearfield are more difficult to discern. Close to an earthquake, hydrogeological responses are generally a combination of static and dynamic stresses. In this work, we examine the well water level data in the region of the large M w 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake and use the phase shift of tidal responses as a proxy for the permeability variations over time. We then compare the results with the coseismic water level pattern in order to separate out the dynamic and static effects. The coseismic water level pattern for observed steps co- incident with the Wenchuan mainshock mainly tracks the expected static stress field. However, most of the wells that have resolvable tidal responses show permeability enhancement after this large earthquake regardless of whether the coseismic response for the well water level is increasing or decreasing, indicating permeability en- hancement is a distinct process from static poroelastic strain. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction It has been reported for a long time that large earthquakes can cause various hydrological responses, such as the variations in groundwater level (Akita and Matsumoto, 2001; Chia et al., 2008; Huang et al., 2004; S.H. Lee et al., 2012; T.-P. Lee et al., 2012; Liu et al., 1989; Niwa et al., 2012; Roeloffs, 1996; Sil, 2006), springs and stream discharge (Manga, 2001; Manga and Rowland, 2009; Manga et al., 2003; Mohr et al., 2012; Montgomery and Manga, 2003; Wang et al., 2004). Among them, changes in well water levels are the most commonly re- ported phenomenon. Abrupt changes in well water levels in the nearfield (within 1–2 fault lengths) are often explained by the static poroelastic strain of aquifers caused by earthquakes (Akita and Matsumoto, 2004; Matsumoto and Roeloffs, 2003; Roeloffs and Bredehoeft, 1985; Shi et al., 2012; Shibata et al., 2010; Wakita, 1975; Wang and Chia, 2008; Zhang and Huang, 2011). In the intermediate and farfield (many fault lengths), the static poroelastic strains from displacement during earthquakes are small and can fail to explain the sign of the sustained variations in water levels ⁎ Corresponding author at: No. 5 Minzu Daxue Nan Rd., Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China. E-mail address: cathy_313@163.com (W. Wang). 0040-1951/$ – see front matter © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2013.08.039 (Manga et al., 2003). Brodsky et al. (2003) proposed a new model for coseismic pore pressure steps in the farfield, in which the temporary barriers from the groundwater flow are removed by more rapid flow caused by seismic waves and thus the permeability is enhanced. This hypothesis was supported by subsequent observations of permeability enhancement in the farfield (Elkhoury et al., 2006; Geballe et al., 2011; Manga et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2009). Xue et al. (2013) found a similar phenomenon in the deep borehole at WFSD-1 (Wenchuan earthquake Fault Scientific Drilling) where post-mainshock healing is interrupted by permeability increases associated with regional and teleseismic earthquakes. The permeability enhancement hypothesis therefore appears to be useful for farfield datasets. As the datasets of permeability changes increase, a persistent ques- tion is the relative importance of the poroelastic and dynamic stresses in controlling the permeability changes in the nearfield where the static and dynamic stress fields are more difficult to disentangle. Here we use the exemplary digital data of the Groundwater Monitoring Network (GMN) of water wells in the region of the Wenchuan earthquake to ex- amine this question. The great M w 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake on May 12, 2008 caused widespread water level changes both on the Chinese mainland and in the Taiwan region (e.g. S.H. Lee et al., 2012; T.-P. Lee et al., 2012; Yang et al., 2008). Huang (2008) studied the coseismic water level steps on" @default.
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• W3034126532 title "Tidal response variation and recovery following the Wenchuan earthquake from water level data of multiple wells in the nearfield" @default.
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