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• W3035164590 abstract "International institutions are important regulators of the trade–environment relationship. Many of them deploy trade measures for environmental purposes, with mixed results. The Basel Convention is one case where trade restrictions have not succeeded in curbing movements of hazardous waste or protecting vulnerable countries from waste dumping. Current literature emphasizes North–South conflict under the Basel Convention as a main reason for these shortcomings. This paper returns to the fundamental question as to why countries engage in this trade. It contends that hazardous wastes are not only characterized by their environmental impacts, but are also distinct in the ways they are generated, distributed, and managed. I argue that global economic integration has commodified these wastes, and countries are increasingly diverging on their views of hazardous materials. This paper draws from the under-utilized Basel Convention Database and other sources to piece together a holistic picture of the global hazardous waste movements. It identifies three types of countries with distinct trade orientations: industrialized countries trading the largest amounts of hazardous wastes and with considerable specialization; newly industrializing countries as influential players in hazardous waste generation and management; and least developed countries, which oppose waste trade yet suffer from waste dumping. As globalization deepens, management of hazardous wastes may require extensive trade of hazardous materials between countries of varying capabilities and interests. Contrary to its current trade minimization approach based on a crude North–South dichotomy, the Basel Convention may benefit from an approach that motivates capable countries to import wastes and one that builds capacity for intended waste importers. 国际机构是贸易与环境关系的重要监管者。许多机构出于环境目的采用贸易措施，取得的结果喜忧参半。《巴塞尔公约》一例中，贸易限制还未成功控制危险废物转移，或保护脆弱国家免受废物倾倒的危害。现有文献强调《巴塞尔公约》下的北-南冲突是造成这些缺点的一个主要原因。本文回到最基本的问题，即为何各国会参与这次贸易。本文认为，危险废物的特征不仅是环境影响，它的生产、分配和管理方式也很独特。我论证认为，全球经济一体化已将这些废物商品化，并且各国正越来越多地就其对危险材料的看法产生分歧。基于现行的巴塞尔公约数据库及其他来源，本文综合描述了全球危险废物转移。本文识别了三种具备独特贸易导向的国家：已完成工业化的国家，它们进行最大量的危险废物交易且废物伴随大量特殊化；正在进行工业化的新兴国家，它们是危险废物生产与管理中具有影响力的参与者；最不发达国家，它们反对废物贸易然却遭受废物倾倒的影响。随着全球化继续深化，危险废物管理可能要求具备不同能力和兴趣的国家之间进行广泛的危害材料交易。与当前基于一个粗略的北-南二分法的贸易最小化方法相反的是，《巴塞尔公约》可能获益于一个激励有能力的国家进口废物的方法，且该方法为预期的废物进口国创造能力 Las instituciones internacionales son importantes reguladores de la relación comercioߚmedio ambiente. Muchos de ellos implementan medidas comerciales con fines ambientales, con resultados mixtos. El Convenio de Basilea es un caso en el que las restricciones comerciales no han logrado frenar los movimientos de desechos peligrosos ni proteger a los países vulnerables del vertido de desechos. La literatura actual enfatiza el conflicto NorteߚSur bajo el Convenio de Basilea como la razón principal de estas deficiencias. Este documento vuelve a la pregunta fundamental de por qué los países participan en este comercio. Sostiene que los desechos peligrosos no solo se caracterizan por sus impactos ambientales, sino que también son distintos en la forma en que se generan, distribuyen y gestionan. Sostengo que la integración económica global ha mercantilizado estos desechos, y los países están divergiendo cada vez más en sus puntos de vista sobre los materiales peligrosos. Este documento se basa en la Base de Datos del Convenio de Basilea infrautilizada y otras fuentes para armar una imagen holística de los movimientos globales de residuos peligrosos. Identifica tres tipos de países con distintas orientaciones comerciales: países industrializados que comercializan las mayores cantidades de desechos peligrosos y con una especialización considerable; nuevos países industrializados como actores influyentes en la generación y gestión de residuos peligrosos; y los países menos adelantados, que se oponen al comercio de residuos y sufren el vertido de residuos. A medida que se profundiza la globalización, el manejo de los desechos peligrosos puede requerir un amplio comercio de materiales peligrosos entre países de capacidades e intereses variables. Contrariamente a su enfoque actual de minimización del comercio basado en una cruda dicotomía NorteߚSur, el Convenio de Basilea puede beneficiarse de un enfoque que motive a los países capaces de importar desechos y que desarrolle capacidad para los importadores de desechos previstos." @default.
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• W3035164590 date "2020-06-13" @default.
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• W3035164590 title "Trade for the Environment: Transboundary Hazardous Waste Movements After the Basel Convention" @default.
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• W3035164590 doi "https://doi.org/10.1111/ropr.12386" @default.
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