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• W3041663401 abstract "A recently introduced nonlinear <mml:math xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML display=inline> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> </mml:math> th root delay-and-sum ( <mml:math xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML display=inline> <mml:mrow class=MJX-TeXAtom-ORD> <mml:mtext>NL-</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class=MJX-TeXAtom-ORD> <mml:mtext>-DAS</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ) beamforming (BF) technique for ultrasound (US) and photoacoustic (PA) imaging, achieving better spatial and contrast resolution compared to a conventional delay and sum (DAS) technique. While the method is advantageous for better resolution, it suffers from grainy speckles and dark areas in the image mainly due to the interference of non-sinusoidal functions. In this Letter, we introduce a modified <mml:math xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML display=inline> <mml:mrow class=MJX-TeXAtom-ORD> <mml:mtext>NL-</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class=MJX-TeXAtom-ORD> <mml:mtext>-DAS</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> technique called nonlinear <mml:math xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML display=inline> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> </mml:math> th root spectral magnitude scaling ( <mml:math xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML display=inline> <mml:mrow class=MJX-TeXAtom-ORD> <mml:mtext>NL-</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class=MJX-TeXAtom-ORD> <mml:mtext>-SMS</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ), which performs the <mml:math xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML display=inline> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> </mml:math> th root on the spectral magnitude instead of the temporal amplitude. We evaluated the US and PA images of <mml:math xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML display=inline> <mml:mrow class=MJX-TeXAtom-ORD> <mml:mtext>NL-</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class=MJX-TeXAtom-ORD> <mml:mtext>-SMS</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> against those of <mml:math xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML display=inline> <mml:mrow class=MJX-TeXAtom-ORD> <mml:mtext>NL-</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class=MJX-TeXAtom-ORD> <mml:mtext>-DAS</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> by comparing the axial and lateral line profiles, contrasts, and contrast-to-noise ratios (CNRs) in both phantom and in vivo imaging studies with various <mml:math xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML display=inline> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> </mml:math> values. As a result, we found that the <mml:math xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML display=inline> <mml:mrow class=MJX-TeXAtom-ORD> <mml:mtext>NL-</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class=MJX-TeXAtom-ORD> <mml:mtext>-SMS</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> has better axial resolution and CNR than the <mml:math xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML display=inline> <mml:mrow class=MJX-TeXAtom-ORD> <mml:mtext>NL-</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class=MJX-TeXAtom-ORD> <mml:mtext>-DAS</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , and reduces the grainy speckles and dark area artifacts. We believe that, with this enhanced performance, our proposed approach could be an advancement compared to the existing nonlinear BF algorithms." @default.
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• W3041663401 date "2020-08-11" @default.
• W3041663401 modified "2023-10-10" @default.
• W3041663401 title "Nonlinear pth root spectral magnitude scaling beamforming for clinical photoacoustic and ultrasound imaging" @default.
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